Systems and methods for signaling reference pictures in video coding

ABSTRACT

According to an aspect of an invention, a method for signaling reference pictures in video coding is disclosed. The method comprises: decoding a number of entries in a reference picture list syntax structure; decoding a number of reference index active minus one syntax in a slice header, if the number of entries is greater than one; and deriving an active variable by using the number of reference index active minus one syntax.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to video coding and more particularly to techniques for signaling reference pictures for coded video.

BACKGROUND ART

Digital video capabilities can be incorporated into a wide range of devices, including digital televisions, laptop or desktop computers, tablet computers, digital recording devices, digital media players, video gaming devices, cellular telephones, including so-called smartphones, medical imaging devices, and the like. Digital video may be coded according to a video coding standard. Video coding standards may incorporate video compression techniques. Examples of video coding standards include ISO/IEC MPEG-4 Visual and ITU-T H.264 (also known as ISO/IEC MPEG-4 AVC) and High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). HEVC is described in High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), Rec. ITU-T H.265, December 2016, which is incorporated by reference, and referred to herein as ITU-T H.265. Extensions and improvements for ITU-T H.265 are currently being considered for the development of next generation video coding standards. For example, the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and ISO/IEC (Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) (collectively referred to as the Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET)) are studying the potential need for standardization of future video coding technology with a compression capability that significantly exceeds that of the current HEVC standard. The Joint Exploration Model 7 (JEM 7), Algorithm Description of Joint Exploration Test Model 7 (JEM 7), ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 Document: JVET-G1001, July 2017, Torino, IT, which is incorporated by reference herein, describes the coding features under coordinated test model study by the JVET as potentially enhancing video coding technology beyond the capabilities of ITU-T H.265. It should be noted that the coding features of JEM 7 are implemented in JEM reference software. As used herein, the term JEM may collectively refer to algorithms included in JEM 7 and implementations of JEM reference software. Further, in response to a “Joint Call for Proposals on Video Compression with Capabilities beyond HEVC,” jointly issued by VCEG and MPEG, multiple descriptions of video coding were proposed by various groups at the 10th Meeting of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 16-20 Apr. 2018, San Diego, Calif. As a result of the multiple descriptions of video coding, a draft text of a video coding specification is described in “Versatile Video Coding (Draft 1),” 10th Meeting of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 16-20 April 2018, San Diego, Calif., document JVET-J1001-v2, which is incorporated by reference herein, and referred to as JVET-J1001. “Versatile Video Coding (Draft 2),” 11th Meeting of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 10-18 Jul. 2018, Ljubljana, SI, document JVET-K1001-v5, which is incorporated by reference herein, and referred to as JVET-K1001, is an update to JVET-J1001.

Video compression techniques reduce data requirements for storing and transmitting video data by exploiting the inherent redundancies in a video sequence. Video compression techniques may sub-divide a video sequence into successively smaller portions (i.e., groups of frames within a video sequence, a frame within a group of frames, slices within a frame, coding tree units (e.g., macroblocks) within a slice, coding blocks within a coding tree unit, etc.). Intra prediction coding techniques (e.g., intra-picture (spatial)) and inter prediction techniques (i.e., inter-picture (temporal)) may be used to generate difference values between a unit of video data to be coded and a reference unit of video data. The difference values may be referred to as residual data. Residual data may be coded as quantized transform coefficients. Syntax elements may relate residual data and a reference coding unit (e.g., intra-prediction mode indices, motion vectors, and block vectors). Residual data and syntax elements may be entropy coded. Entropy encoded residual data and syntax elements may be included in a compliant bitstream. Compliant bitstreams and associated metadata may be formatted according to data structures.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

In one example, a method of decoding video data, the method comprising: decoding a number of entries in a reference picture list syntax structure; decoding a number of reference index active minus one syntax in a slice header, if the number of entries is greater than one; and deriving an active variable by using the number of reference index active minus one syntax.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a system that may be configured to encode and decode video data according to one or more techniques of this this disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram illustrating coded video data and corresponding data structures according to one or more techniques of this this disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram illustrating a data structure encapsulating coded video data and corresponding metadata according to one or more techniques of this this disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a conceptual drawing illustrating an example of components that may be included in an implementation of a system that may be configured to encode and decode video data according to one or more techniques of this this disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a video encoder that may be configured to encode video data according to one or more techniques of this disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a video decoder that may be configured to decode video data according to one or more techniques of this disclosure.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

In general, this disclosure describes various techniques for coding video data. In particular, this disclosure describes techniques for signaling reference pictures for coded video. Signaling of reference pictures according to the techniques described herein may be particularly useful for improving video distribution system performance by lowering transmission bandwidth. It should be noted that although techniques of this disclosure are described with respect to ITU-T H.264, ITU-T H.265, JVET-J1001, and JVET-K1001 the techniques of this disclosure are generally applicable to video coding. For example, the coding techniques described herein may be incorporated into video coding systems, (including video coding systems based on future video coding standards) including block structures, intra prediction techniques, inter prediction techniques, transform techniques, filtering techniques, and/or entropy coding techniques other than those included in ITU-T H.265. Thus, reference to ITU-T H.264, ITU-T H.265, JVET-J1001, and JVET-K1001 is for descriptive purposes and should not be construed to limit the scope of the techniques described herein. Further, it should be noted that incorporation by reference of documents herein should not be construed to limit or create ambiguity with respect to terms used herein. For example, in the case where an incorporated reference provides a different definition of a term than another incorporated reference and/or as the term is used herein, the term should be interpreted in a manner that broadly includes each respective definition and/or in a manner that includes each of the particular definitions in the alternative.

In one example, a method of signaling reference picture list comprises signaling one or more candidate reference picture lists in a parameter set, and signaling an index to one of the candidate reference picture lists in a header associated with a region of a picture.

In one example, a device comprises one or more processors configured to signal one or more candidate reference picture lists in a parameter set, and signal an index to one of the candidate reference picture lists in a header associated with a region of a picture.

In one example, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprises instructions stored thereon that, when executed, cause one or more processors of a device to signal one or more candidate reference picture lists in a parameter set, and signal an index to one of the candidate reference picture lists in a header associated with a region of a picture.

In one example, an apparatus comprises means for signaling one or more candidate reference picture lists in a parameter set, and means for signaling an index to one of the candidate reference picture lists in a header associated with a region of a picture.

In one example, a method of decoding video data comprises parsing one or more syntax elements included in a parameter set, the syntax elements indicating one or more candidate reference picture lists, parsing an index from a header associated with a region of a picture, the index indicating one of the candidate reference picture lists, and generating video data based on the indicated candidate reference picture list.

In one example, a device comprises one or more processors configured to parse one or more syntax elements included in a parameter set, the syntax elements indicating one or more candidate reference picture lists, parse an index from a header associated with a region of a picture, the index indicating one of the candidate reference picture lists, and generate video data based on the indicated candidate reference picture list.

In one example, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprises instructions stored thereon that, when executed, cause one or more processors of a device to parse one or more syntax elements included in a parameter set, the syntax elements indicating one or more candidate reference picture lists, parse an index from a header associated with a region of a picture, the index indicating one of the candidate reference picture lists, and generate video data based on the indicated candidate reference picture list.

In one example, an apparatus comprises means for parsing one or more syntax elements included in a parameter set, the syntax elements indicating one or more candidate reference picture lists, means for parsing an index from a header associated with a region of a picture, the index indicating one of the candidate reference picture lists, and means for generating video data based on the indicated candidate reference picture list.

The details of one or more examples are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

Video content typically includes video sequences comprised of a series of frames. A series of frames may also be referred to as a group of pictures (GOP). Each video frame or picture may include a one or more slices, where a slice includes a plurality of video blocks. A video block includes an array of pixel values (also referred to as samples) that may be predictively coded. Video blocks may be ordered according to a scan pattern (e.g., a raster scan). A video encoder performs predictive encoding on video blocks and sub-divisions thereof. ITU-T H.264 specifies a macroblock including 16×16 luma samples. ITU-T H.265 specifies an analogous Coding Tree Unit (CTU) structure (which may be referred to as a Largest Coding Unit (LCU)) where a picture may be split into CTUs of equal size and each CTU may include Coding Tree Blocks (CTB) having 16×16, 32×32, or 64×64 luma samples. As used herein, the term video block may generally refer to an area of a picture or may more specifically refer to the largest array of pixel values that may be predictively coded, sub-divisions thereof, and/or corresponding structures. Further, according to ITU-T H.265, each video frame or picture may be partitioned to include one or more tiles, where a tile is a sequence of coding tree units corresponding to a rectangular area of a picture.

In ITU-T H.265, a CTU is composed of respective CTBs for each component of video data (e.g., luma (Y) and chroma (Cb and Cr)). Further, in ITU-T H.265, a CTU may be partitioned according to a quadtree (QT) partitioning structure, which results in the CTBs of the CTU being partitioned into Coding Blocks (CB). That is, in ITU-T H.265, a CTU may be partitioned into quadtree leaf nodes. According to ITU-T H.265, one luma CB together with two corresponding chroma CBs and associated syntax elements are referred to as a coding unit (CU). In ITU-T H.265, a minimum allowed size of a CB may be signaled. In ITU-T H.265, the smallest minimum allowed size of a luma CB is 8×8 luma samples. In ITU-T H.265, the decision to code a picture area using intra prediction or inter prediction is made at the CU level.

In ITU-T H.265, a CU is associated with a prediction unit (PU) structure having its root at the CU. In ITU-T H.265, PU structures allow luma and chroma CBs to be split for purposes of generating corresponding reference samples. That is, in ITU-T H.265, luma and chroma CBs may be split into respect luma and chroma prediction blocks (PBs), where a PB includes a block of sample values for which the same prediction is applied. In ITU-T H.265, a CB may be partitioned into 1, 2, or 4 PBs. ITU-T H.265 supports PB sizes from 64×64 samples down to 4×4 samples. In ITU-T H.265, square PBs are supported for intra prediction, where a CB may form the PB or the CB may be split into four square PBs (i.e., intra prediction PB sizes type include M×M or M/2×M/2, where M is the height and width of the square CB). In ITU-T H.265, in addition to the square PBs, rectangular PBs are supported for inter prediction, where a CB may by halved vertically or horizontally to form PBs (i.e., inter prediction PB types include M×M, M/2×M/2, M/2×M, or M×M/2). Further, it should be noted that in ITU-T H.265, for inter prediction, four asymmetric PB partitions are supported, where the CB is partitioned into two PBs at one quarter of the height (at the top or the bottom) or width (at the left or the right) of the CB (i.e., asymmetric partitions include M/4×M left, M/4×M right, M×M/4 top, and M×M/4 bottom). Intra prediction data (e.g., intra prediction mode syntax elements) or inter prediction data (e.g., motion data syntax elements) corresponding to a PB is used to produce reference and/or predicted sample values for the PB.

JEM specifies a CTU having a maximum size of 256×256 luma samples. JEM specifies a quadtree plus binary tree (QTBT) block structure. In JEM, the QTBT structure enables quadtree leaf nodes to be further partitioned by a binary tree (BT) structure. That is, in JEM, the binary tree structure enables quadtree leaf nodes to be recursively divided vertically or horizontally. Thus, the binary tree structure in JEM enables square and rectangular leaf nodes, where each leaf node includes a CB. As illustrated in FIG. 2, a picture included in a GOP may include slices, where each slice includes a sequence of CTUs and each CTU may be partitioned according to a QTBT structure. In JEM, CBs are used for prediction without any further partitioning. That is, in JEM, a CB may be a block of sample values on which the same prediction is applied. Thus, a JEM QTBT leaf node may be analogous a PB in ITU-T H.265.

Intra prediction data (e.g., intra prediction mode syntax elements) or inter prediction data (e.g., motion data syntax elements) may associate PUs with corresponding reference samples. Residual data may include respective arrays of difference values corresponding to each component of video data (e.g., luma (Y) and chroma (Cb and Cr)). Residual data may be in the pixel domain. A transform, such as, a discrete cosine transform (DCT), a discrete sine transform (DST), an integer transform, a wavelet transform, or a conceptually similar transform, may be applied to pixel difference values to generate transform coefficients. It should be noted that in ITU-T H.265, CUs may be further sub-divided into Transform Units (TUs). That is, an array of pixel difference values may be sub-divided for purposes of generating transform coefficients (e.g., four 8×8 transforms may be applied to a 16×16 array of residual values corresponding to a 16×16 luma CB), such sub-divisions may be referred to as Transform Blocks (TBs). Transform coefficients may be quantized according to a quantization parameter (QP). Quantized transform coefficients (which may be referred to as level values) may be entropy coded according to an entropy encoding technique (e.g., content adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC), context adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC), probability interval partitioning entropy coding (PIPE), etc.). Further, syntax elements, such as, a syntax element indicating a prediction mode, may also be entropy coded. Entropy encoded quantized transform coefficients and corresponding entropy encoded syntax elements may form a compliant bitstream that can be used to reproduce video data. A binarization process may be performed on syntax elements as part of an entropy coding process. Binarization refers to the process of converting a syntax value into a series of one or more bits. These bits may be referred to as “bins.”

As described above, intra prediction data or inter prediction data is used to produce reference sample values for a block of sample values. The difference between sample values included in a current PB, or another type of picture area structure, and associated reference samples (e.g., those generated using a prediction) may be referred to as residual data. As described above, intra prediction data or inter prediction data may associate an area of a picture (e.g., a PB or a CB) with corresponding reference samples. For intra prediction coding, an intra prediction mode may specify the location of reference samples within a picture. In ITU-T H.265, defined possible intra prediction modes include a planar (i.e., surface fitting) prediction mode (predMode: 0), a DC (i.e., flat overall averaging) prediction mode (predMode: 1), and 33 angular prediction modes (predMode: 2-34). In JEM, defined possible intra-prediction modes include a planar prediction mode (predMode: 0), a DC prediction mode (predMode: 1), and 65 angular prediction modes (predMode: 2-66). It should be noted that planar and DC prediction modes may be referred to as non-directional prediction modes and that angular prediction modes may be referred to as directional prediction modes. It should be noted that the techniques described herein may be generally applicable regardless of the number of defined possible prediction modes.

For inter prediction coding, a motion vector (MV) identifies reference samples in a previously coded picture (i.e., picture available when decoding or encoding a current picture) for coding a current video block in a current picture and thereby exploits temporal redundancy in video. For example, a current video block may be predicted from reference block(s) located in previously coded picture(s) and a motion vector may be used to indicate the location of the reference block. A motion vector and associated data may describe, for example, a horizontal component of the motion vector, a vertical component of the motion vector, a resolution for the motion vector (e.g., one-quarter pixel precision, one-half pixel precision, one-pixel precision, two-pixel precision, four-pixel precision), a prediction direction and/or a reference picture index value. Further, a coding standard, such as, for example ITU-T H.265, may support motion vector prediction. Motion vector prediction enables a motion vector to be specified using motion vectors of neighboring blocks. Examples of motion vector prediction include advanced motion vector prediction (AMVP), temporal motion vector prediction (TMVP), so-called “merge” mode, and “skip” and “direct” motion inference. Further, JEM supports advanced temporal motion vector prediction (ATMVP), Spatial-temporal motion vector prediction (STMVP), Pattern matched motion vector derivation (PMMVD) mode, which is a special merge mode based on Frame-Rate Up Conversion (FRUC) techniques, and affine transform motion com-pensation prediction.

Residual data may include respective arrays of difference values corresponding to each component of video data. Residual data may be in the pixel domain. A transform, such as, a discrete cosine transform (DCT), a discrete sine transform (DST), an integer transform, a wavelet transform, or a conceptually similar transform, may be applied to an array of difference values to generate transform coefficients. In ITU-T H.265, a CU is associated with a transform unit (TU) structure having its root at the CU level. That is, in ITU-T H.265, as described above, an array of difference values may be sub-divided for purposes of generating transform coefficients (e.g., four 8×8 transforms may be applied to a 16×16 array of residual values). It should be noted that in ITU-T H.265, TBs are not necessarily aligned with PBs.

It should be noted that in JEM, residual values corresponding to a CB are used to generate transform coefficients without further partitioning. That is, in JEM a QTBT leaf node may be analogous to both a PB and a TB in ITU-T H.265. It should be noted that in JEM, a core transform and a subsequent secondary transforms may be applied (in the video encoder) to generate transform coefficients. For a video decoder, the order of transforms is reversed. Further, in JEM, whether a secondary transform is applied to generate transform coefficients may be dependent on a prediction mode.

A quantization process may be performed on transform coefficients. Quantization approximates transform coefficients by amplitudes restricted to a set of specified values. Quantization may be used in order to vary the amount of data required to represent a group of transform coefficients. Quantization may be realized through division of transform coefficients by a scaling factor and any associated rounding functions (e.g., rounding to the nearest integer). Quantized transform coefficients may be referred to as coefficient level values. Inverse quantization (or “dequantization”) may include multiplication of coefficient level values by the scaling factor. It should be noted that as used herein the term quantization process in some instances may refer to division by a scaling factor to generate level values or multiplication by a scaling factor to recover transform coefficients in some instances. That is, a quantization process may refer to quantization in some cases and inverse quantization in some cases.

With respect to the equations used herein, the following arithmetic operators may be used:

-   -   + Addition     -   − Subtraction     -   * Multiplication, including matrix multiplication     -   x^(y) Exponentiation. Specifies x to the power of y. In other         contexts, such notation is used for superscripting not intended         for interpretation as exponentiation.     -   / Integer division with truncation of the result toward zero.         For example, 7/4 and −7/−4 are truncated to 1 and −7/4 and 7/−4         are truncated to −1.     -   ÷ Used to denote division in mathematical equations where no         truncation or rounding is intended.

$\frac{x}{y}$

Used to denote division in mathematical equations where no truncation or rounding is intended.

Further, the following mathematical functions may be used:

-   -   Log 2(x) the base-2 logarithm of x;

${{Min}\left( {x,y} \right)} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix} {x\ ;{x<=y}} \\ {y\ ;{x > y}} \end{matrix};{{{Max}\left( {x,y} \right)} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} {x;{x>=y}} \\ {y;{x < y}} \end{matrix} \right.}} \right.$

-   -   Ceil(x) the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.

With respect to the example syntax used herein, the following definitions of logical operators may be applied:

-   -   x && y Boolean logical “and” of x and y     -   x∥y Boolean logical “or” of x and y     -   ! Boolean logical “not”     -   x ? y:z If x is TRUE or not equal to 0, evaluates to the value         of y; otherwise, evaluates to the value of z.

Further, the following relational operators may be applied:

-   -   > Greater than     -   >= Greater than or equal to     -   < Less than     -   <= Less than or equal to     -   == Equal to     -   != Not equal to

Further, it should be noted that in the syntax descriptors used herein, the following descriptors may be applied:

-   -   b(8): byte having any pattern of bit string (8 bits). The         parsing process for this descriptor is specified by the return         value of the function read_bits(8).     -   f(n): fixed-pattern bit string using n bits written (from left         to right) with the left bit first. The parsing process for this         descriptor is specified by the return value of the function         read_bits(n).     -   u(n): unsigned integer using n bits.     -   ue(v): unsigned integer 0-th order Exp-Golomb-coded syntax         element with the left bit first.

As described above, according to ITU-T H.265, each video frame or picture may be partitioned to include one or more slices and further partitioned to include one or more tiles. FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of a group of pictures including slices. In the example illustrated in FIG. 2, Pic₃ is illustrated as including two slices (i.e., Slice₁ and Slice₂) where each slice includes a sequence of CTUs (e.g., in raster scan order). It should be noted that a slice is a sequence of one or more slice segments starting with an independent slice segment and containing all subsequent dependent slice segments (if any) that precede the next independent slice segment (if any) within the same access unit. A slice segment, like a slice, is a sequence of coding tree units. In the examples described herein, in some cases the terms slice and slice segment may be used interchangeably to indicate a sequence of coding tree units. It should be noted that in ITU-T H.265, a tile may consist of coding tree units contained in more than one slice and a slice may consist of coding tree units contained in more than one tile. However, ITU-T H.265 provides that one or both of the following conditions shall be fulfilled: (1) All coding tree units in a slice belong to the same tile; and (2) All coding tree units in a tile belong to the same slice. Tile sets may be used to define boundaries for coding dependencies (e.g., intra-prediction dependencies, entropy encoding dependencies, etc.,) and as such, may enable parallelism in coding.

In ITU-T H.265, a coded video sequence (CVS) may be encapsulated (or structured) as a sequence of access units, where each access unit includes video data structured as network abstraction layer (NAL) units. In ITU-T H.265, a bitstream is described as including a sequence of NAL units forming one or more CVSs. It should be noted that ITU-T H.265 supports multi-layer extensions, including format range extensions (RExt), scalability (SHVC), multi-view (MV-HEVC), and 3-D (3D-HEVC). Multi-layer extensions enable a video presentation to include a base layer and one or more additional enhancement layers. For example, a base layer may enable a video presentation having a basic level of quality (e.g., High Definition rendering) to be presented and an enhancement layer may enable a video presentation having an enhanced level of quality (e.g., an Ultra High Definition rendering) to be presented. In ITU-T H.265, an enhancement layer may be coded by referencing a base layer. That is, for example, a picture in an enhancement layer may be coded (e.g., using inter prediction techniques) by referencing one or more pictures (including scaled versions thereof) in a base layer. In ITU-T H.265, each NAL unit may include an identifier indicating a layer of video data the NAL unit is associated with. It should be noted that sub-bitstream extraction may refer to a process where a device receiving a compliant bitstream forms a new compliant bitstream by discarding and/or modifying data in the received bitstream. For example, sub-bitstream extraction may be used to form a new compliant bitstream corresponding to a particular representation of video (e.g., a high quality representation).

Referring to the example illustrated in FIG. 2, each slice of video data included in Pic₃ (i.e., Slice₁ and Slice₂) is illustrated as being encapsulated in a NAL unit. In ITU-T H.265, each of a video sequence, a GOP, a picture, a slice, and CTU may be associated with metadata that describes video coding properties. ITU-T H.265 defines parameters sets that may be used to describe video data and/or video coding properties. In ITU-T H.265, parameter sets may be encapsulated as a special type of NAL unit or may be signaled as a message. NAL units including coded video data (e.g., a slice) may be referred to as VCL (Video Coding Layer) NAL units and NAL units including metadata (e.g., parameter sets) may be referred to as non-VCL NAL units. Further, ITU-T H.265 enables supplemental enhancement information (SEI) messages to be signaled. In ITU-T H.265, SEI messages assist in processes related to decoding, display or other purposes, however, SEI messages may not be required for constructing the luma or chroma samples by the decoding process. In ITU-T H.265, SEI messages may be signaled in a bitstream using non-VCL NAL units. Further, SEI messages may be conveyed by some means other than by being present in the bitstream (i.e., signaled out-of-band).

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a bitstream including multiple CVSs, where a CVS is represented by NAL units included in a respective access unit. In the example illustrated in FIG. 3, non-VCL NAL units include respective parameter set units (i.e., Video Parameter Sets (VPS), Sequence Parameter Sets (SPS), and Picture Parameter Set (PPS) units) and an access unit delimiter NAL unit. ITU-T H.265 defines NAL unit header semantics that specify the type of Raw Byte Sequence Payload (RBSP) data structure included in the NAL unit.

As described above, for inter prediction coding, reference samples in a previously coded picture are used for coding video blocks in a current picture. Previously coded pictures which are available for use as reference when coding a current picture are referred as reference pictures. It should be noted that the decoding order does not necessary correspond with the picture output order, i.e., the temporal order of pictures in a video sequence. In ITU-T H.265, when a picture is decoded it is stored to a decoded picture buffer (DPB) (which may be referred to as frame buffer, a reference buffer, a reference picture buffer, or the like). In ITU-T H.265, pictures stored to the DPB are removed from the DPB when they been output and are no longer needed for coding subsequent pictures. In ITU-T H.265, a determination of whether pictures should be removed from the DPB is invoked once per picture, after decoding a slice header, i.e., at the onset of decoding a picture. For example, referring to FIG. 2, Pic₃ is illustrated as referencing Pic₂. Similarly, Pic₄ is illustrated as referencing Pic₁. With respect to FIG. 2 assuming the picture number corresponds to the decoding order the DPB would be populated as follows: after decoding Pic₁, the DPB would include {Pic₁}; at the onset of decoding Pic₂, the DPB would include {Pic₁}; after decoding Pic₂, the DPB would include {Pic₁, Pic₂}; at the onset of decoding Pic₃, the DPB would include {Pic₁, Pic₂}. Pic₃ would then be decoded with reference to Pic₂ and after decoding Pic₃, the DPB would include {Pic₁, Pic₂, Pic₃}. At the onset of decoding Pic₄, pictures Pic₂ and Pic₃ would be marked for removal from the DPB, as they are not needed for decoding Pic₄ (or any subsequent pictures, not shown) and assuming Pic₁ and Pic₃ have been output, the DPB would be updated to include {Pic₁}. Pic₄ would then be decoded with referencing Pic-₁. The process of marking pictures for removal from a DPB may be referred to as reference picture set (RPS) management.

In ITU-T H.265, the RPS of the current picture consists of five RPS lists: RefPicSet-StCurrBefore, RefPicSetStCurrAfter, RefPicSetStFoll, RefPicSetLtCurr and RefPic-SetLtFoll. RefPicSetStCurrBefore, RefPicSetStCurrAfter and RefPicSetStFoll are collectively referred to as the short-term RPS. RefPicSetLtCurr and RefPicSetLtFoll are collectively referred to as the long-term RPS. It should be noted that in ITU-T H.265 and RefPicSetStCurrBefore, RefPicSetStCurrAfter and RefPicSetLtCurr contain all reference pictures that may be used for inter prediction of the current picture and one or more pictures that follow the current picture in decoding order. RefPicSetStFoll and RefPicSetLtFoll consist of all reference pictures that are not used for inter prediction of the current picture but may be used in inter prediction for one or more pictures that follow the current picture in decoding order. ITU-T H.265 provides where each coded picture is associated with a picture order count variable, denoted as PicOrderCntVal. In ITU-T H.265, picture order counts are used to identify pictures. In ITU-T H.265, in one CVS, the PicOrderCntVal values for each of the coded pictures is unique. Further, in ITU-T H.265 picture order counts provide the relative output order of pictures (i.e., from a decoded picture buffer, e.g., for display) included in a CVS (i.e., pictures with lower picture order counts are output before pictures with a higher picture order counts). In ITU-T H.265, the value of PicOrderCntVal is in the range of −2³¹ to 2³¹⁻¹ inclusive. ITU-T H.265 provides where syntax explicitly identifies which pictures are to be included in the RPS, as opposed to indicating which pictures are to be included in the RPS implicitly by identifying which pictures are to be removed from the DPB.

As described above, ITU-T H.265 provides two general types of reference pictures sets: long-term reference picture sets and short-term reference picture sets. Thus, ITU-T H.265 provides where pictures in the DPB are marked as follows: “unused for reference,” “used for short-term reference,” or “used for long-term reference.” In ITU-T H.265, short-term reference pictures are identified by their PicOrderCntVal values and long-term reference pictures are identified either by their PicOrderCntVal values or their slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb values (described below). ITU-T H.265 further provides where the following five lists of picture order count values are constructed to derive the RPS: PocStCurrBefore, PocStCurrAfter, PocStFoll, PocLtCurr and PocLtFoll. The construction of PocStCurrBefore, PocStCurrAfter, PocStFoll, PocLtCurr and PocLtFoll is described in further detail below.

In ITU-T H.265, a set of long-term RPS may be signaled in an SPS. Further, in ITU-T sets of candidate short-term RPSs may be in signaled in the SPS. Further, one of the candidate short-term RPSs may be indicated by signaling of an index to one of the SPS candidate RPSs in the slice segment header. Further, short-term RPS may be signaled directly in slice segment header.

Table 1 illustrates the portion of the sequence parameter set in ITU-T H.265 relating to indicating reference picture sets.

TABLE 1 Descriptor seq_parameter_set( ) { ...  num_short_term_ref_pic_sets ue(v)  for( i = 0; i < num_short_term_ref_pic_sets; i++)   st_ref_pic_set( i )  long_term_ref_pic_present_flag u(1)  if( long_term_ref_pics_present_flag ) {   num_long_term_ref_pic_sps ue(v)   for( i = 0; i < num_long_term_ref_pic_sets; i++)    lt_ref_pic_poc_lsb_sps[ i ] u(v)    used_by_curr_pic_lt_sps_flag[ i ] u(1)   }  } ...

ITU-T H.265 provides the following definitions for the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 1. num_short_term_ref_pic_sets specifies the number of st_ref_pic_set( ) syntax structures included in the SPS. The value of num_short_term_ref_pic_sets shall be in the range of 0 to 64, inclusive. long_term_refpics_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that no long-term reference picture is used for inter prediction of any coded picture in the CVS. long_term_ref_pics_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that long-term reference pictures may be used for inter prediction of one or more coded pictures in the CVS. num_long_term_ref_pics_sps specifies the number of candidate long-term reference pictures that are specified in the SPS. The value of num_long_term_ref_pics_sps shall be in the range of 0 to 32, inclusive. It_ref_pic_poc_lsb_sps[i] specifies the picture order count modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb of the i-th candidate long-term reference picture specified in the SPS. The number of bits used to represent lt_ref_pic_poc_lsb_sps[i] is equal to log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4. used_by_curr_pic_lt_sps_flag[i] equal to 0 specifies that the i-th candidate long-term reference picture specified in the SPS is not used for reference by a picture that includes in its long-term reference picture set (RPS) the i-th candidate long-term reference picture specified in the SPS.

With respect to st_ref_pic_set (i), Table 2 illustrates the st_ref_pic_set(i) syntax provided in ITU-T H.265.

TABLE 2 Descriptor st_ref_pic_set( stRpsIdx ) {  if( stRpsIdx != 0 )   inter_ref_pic_set_prediction_flag u(1)  if( inter_ref_pic_set_prediction_flag ) {   if( stRpsIdx = = num_short_term_ref_pic_sets )    delta_idx_minus1 ue(v)   delta_rps_sign u(1)   abs_delta_rps_minus1 ue(v)   for( j = 0; j <= NumDeltaPocs[ RefRpsIdx ]; j++ ) {    used_by_curr_pic_flag[ j ] u(1)    if( !used_by_curr_pic_flag[ j ] )     use_delta_flag[ j ] u(1)   }  } else {   num_negative_pics ue(v)   num_positive_pics ue(v)   for( i = 0; i < num_negative_pics; i++ ) {    delta_poc_s0_minus1[ i ] ue(v)    used_by_curr_pic_s0_flag[ i ] u(1)   }   for( i = 0; i < num_positive_pics; i++ ) {    delta_poc_s1_minus1[ i ] ue(v)    used_by_curr_pic_s1_flag[ i ] u(1)   }  } }

ITU-T H.265 provides the following definitions for the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 2. inter_ref_pic_set_prediction_flag equal to 1 specifies that the stRpsIdx-th candidate short-term RPS is predicted from another candidate short-term RPS, which is referred to as the source candidate short-term RPS. When inter_ref_pic_set_prediction_flag is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0. delta_idx_minus1 plus 1 specifies the difference between the value of stRpsIdx and the index, into the list of the candidate short-term RPSs specified in the SPS, of the source candidate short-term RPS. The value of delta_idx_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to stRpsIdx−1, inclusive. When delta_idx_minus1 is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0. The variable RefRpsIdx is derived as follows:

RefRpsIdx=stRpsIdx−(delta_idx_minus1+1)

delta_rps_sign and abs_delta_rps_minus1 together specify the value of the variable deltaRps as follows:

deltaRps=(1−2*delta_rps_sign)*(abs_delta_rps_minus1+1)

The variable deltaRps represents the value to be added to the picture order count difference values of the source candidate short-term RPS to obtain the picture order count difference values of the stRpsIdx-th candidate short-term RPS. The value of abs_delta_rps_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to 2¹⁵−1, inclusive. used_by_curr_pic_flag[j] equal to 0 specifies that the j-th entry in the source candidate short-term RPS is not used for reference by the current picture. use_delta_flag[j] equal to 1 specifies that the j-th entry in the source candidate short-term RPS is included in the stRpsIdx-th candidate short-term RPS. use_delta_flag[j] equal to 0 specifies that the j-th entry in the source candidate short-term RPS is not included in the stRpsIdx-th candidate short-term RPS. When use_delta_flag[j] is not present, its value is inferred to be equal to 1.

When inter_ref_pic_set_prediction_flag is equal to 1, the variables DeltaPocS0[stRpsIdx][i], UsedByCurrPicS0[stRpsIdx][i], NumNegativePics[stRpsIdx], DeltaPocS1[stRpsIdx][i], UsedByCurrPicS1[stRpsIdx][i] and NumPositivePics[stRpsIdx] are derived as follows:

i = 0 for( j = NumPositivePics[ RefRpsIdx ] − 1; j >= 0; j− − ) {  dPoc = DeltaPocS1[ RefRpsIdx ][ j ] + deltaRps  if( dPoc < 0 && use_delta_flag[ NumNegativePics[ RefRpsIdx ] +  j ] ) {   DeltaPocS0[ stRpsIdx ][ i ] = dPoc   UsedByCurrPicS0[ stRpsIdx ][ i++ ] = used_by_curr_pic_flag[ NumNegativePics[ RefRpsIdx ] + j ]  } } if( deltaRps < 0 && use_delta_flag[ NumDeltaPocs[ RefRpsIdx ] ] ) { DeltaPocS0[ stRpsIdx ][ i ] = deltaRps  UsedByCurrPicS0[ stRpsIdx ][ i++ ] = used_by_curr_pic_flag[ NumDeltaPocs[ RefRpsIdx ] ] } for( j = 0; j < NumNegativePics[ RefRpsIdx ]; j++ ) {  dPoc = DeltaPocS0[ RefRpsIdx ][ j ] + deltaRps  if( dPoc < 0 && use_delta_flag[ j ] ) {   DeltaPocS0[ stRpsIdx ][ i ] = dPoc   UsedByCurrPicS0[ stRpsIdx ][ i++ ] = used_by_curr_pic_flag[ j ]  } } NumNegativePics[ stRpsIdx ] = i i = 0 for( j = NumNegativePics[ RefRpsIdx ] − 1; j >= 0; j− − ) {  dPoc = DeltaPocS0[ RefRpsIdx ][ j ] + deltaRps  if( dPoc > 0 && use_delta_flag[ j ] ) {   DeltaPocS1[ stRpsIdx ][ i ] = dPoc   UsedByCurrPicS1[ stRpsIdx ][ i++ ] = used_by_curr_pic_flag[ j ]  } } if( deltaRps > 0 && use_delta_flag[ NumDeltaPocs[ RefRpsIdx ] ] ) { DeltaPocS1[ stRpsIdx ][ i ] = deltaRps  UsedByCurrPicS1[ stRpsIdx ][ i++ ] = used_by_curr_pic_flag[ NumDeltaPocs[ RefRpsIdx ] ] } for( j = 0; j < NumPositivePics[ RefRpsIdx ]; j++) {  dPoc = DeltaPocS1[ RefRpsIdx ][ j ] + deltaRps  if( dPoc > 0 && use_delta_flag[ NumNegativePics[ RefRpsIdx ] +  j ] ) {   DeltaPocS1[ stRpsIdx ][ i ] = dPoc   UsedByCurrPicS1[ stRpsIdx ][ i++ ] = used_by_curr_pic_flag[ NumNegativePics[ RefRpsIdx ] + j ]  } } NumPositivePics[ stRpsIdx ] = i num_negative_pics specifies the number of entries in the stRpsIdx-th candidate short-term RPS that have picture order count values less than the picture order count value of the current picture. When nuh_layer_id of the current picture is equal to 0, the value of num_negative_pics shall be in the range of 0 to sps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1[sps_max_sub_layers_minus1], inclusive.

num_positive_pics specifies the number of entries in the stRpsIdx-th candidate short-term RPS that have picture order count values greater than the picture order count value of the current picture. When nuh_layer_id of the current picture is equal to 0, the value of num_positive_pics shall be in the range of 0 to sps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1[sps_max_sub_layers_minus1]−num_negative_pics, inclusive.

delta_poc_s0_minus1[i] plus 1, when i is equal to 0, specifies the difference between the picture order count values of the current picture and i-th entry in the stRpsIdx-th candidate short-term RPS that has picture order count value less than that of the current picture, or, when i is greater than 0, specifies the difference between the picture order count values of the (i−1)-th entry and the i-th entry in the stRpsIdx-th candidate short-term RPS that have picture order count values less than the picture order count value of the current picture. The value of delta_poc_s0_minus1[i] shall be in the range of 0 to 2¹⁵−1, inclusive. used_by_curr_pic_s0_flag[i] equal to 0 specifies that the i-th entry in the stRpsIdx-th candidate short-term RPS that has picture order count value less than that of the current picture is not used for reference by the current picture. delta_poc_s1_minus1[i] plus 1, when i is equal to 0, specifies the difference between the picture order count values of the current picture and the i-th entry in the stRpsIdx-th candidate short-term RPS that has picture order count value greater than that of the current picture, or, when i is greater than 0, specifies the difference between the picture order count values of the i-th entry and the (i−1)-th entry in the current candidate short-term RPS that have picture order count values greater than the picture order count value of the current picture. The value of delta_poc_s1_minus1[i] shall be in the range of 0 to 2¹⁵−1, inclusive. used_by_curr_pic_s1_flag[i] equal to 0 specifies that the i-th entry in the current candidate short-term RPS that has picture order count value greater than that of the current picture is not used for reference by the current picture.

When inter_ref_pic_set_prediction_flag is equal to 0, the variables NumNegativePics[stRpsIdx], NumPositivePics[stRpsIdx], UsedByCurrPicS0[stRpsIdx][i], UsedByCurrPicS1[stRpsIdx][i], DeltaPocS0[stRpsIdx][i] and DeltaPocS1[stRpsIdx][i] are derived as follows:

NumNegativePics[stRpsIdx]=num_negative_pics

NumPositivePics[stRpsIdx]=num_positive_pics

UsedByCurrPicS0[stRpsIdx][i]=used_by_curr_pic_s0_flag[i]

UsedByCurrPicS1[stRpsIdx][i]=used_by_curr_pic_s1_flag[i]

-   -   If i is equal to 0, the following applies:

DeltaPocS0[stRpsIdx][i]=−(delta_poc_s0_minus1[i]+1)

DeltaPocS1[stRpsIdx][i]=delta_poc_s1_minus1[i]+1

-   -   Otherwise, the following applies:

DeltaPocS0[stRpsIdx][i]=DeltaPocS0[stRpsIdx][i−1]−(delta_poc_s0_minus1[i]+1)

DeltaPocS1[stRpsIdx][i]=DeltaPocS1[stRpsIdx][i−1]+(delta_poc_s1_minus1[i]+1)

The variable NumDeltaPocs[stRpsIdx] is derived as follows:

NumDeltaPocs[stRpsIdx]=NumNegativePics[stRpsIdx]+NumPositivePics[stRpsIdx]

As described above, ITU-T 11.265 specifies where a st_ref_pic_set(stRpsIdx) syntax structure may be present in an SPS or in a slice segment header. ITU-T H.265 further provides where depending on whether the syntax structure is included in a slice header or an SPS, the following applies:

If present in a slice header, the st_ref_pic_set(stRpsIdx) syntax structure specifies the short-term RPS of the current picture (the picture containing the slice), and the following applies:

-   -   The content of the st_ref_pic_set(stRpsIdx) syntax structure         shall be the same in all slice headers of the current picture.

The value of stRpsIdx shall be equal to the syntax element num_short_term_ref_pic_sets in the active SPS.

The short-term RPS of the current picture is also referred to as the num_short_term_ref_pic_sets-th candidate short-term RPS in the semantics specified in the remainder of this clause.

-   -   Otherwise (present in an SPS), the st_ref_pic_set(stRpsIdx)         syntax structure specifies a candidate short term RPS, and the         term “the current picture” in the semantics specified in the         remainder of this clause refers to each picture that has         short_term_ref_pic_set_idx equal to stRpsIdx in a CVS that has         the SPS as the active SPS.

Table 3 illustrates the portion of the slice segment header in ITU-T H.265 relating to indicating reference picture sets.

TABLE 3 De- scrip- tor slice_segment_header( ) { ...  if( nal_unit_type != IDR_W_RADL && nal_unit_type != IDR_N_LP ) {   slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb u(v)   short_term_ref_pic_set_sps_flag u(1)   if( !short_term_ref_pic_set_sps_flag )    st_ref_pic_set( num_short_term_ref_pic_sets )   else if( num_short_term_ref_pic_sets > 1 )    short_term_ref_pic_set_idx u(v)   if( long_term_ref_pics_present_flag ) {    if( num_long_term_ref_pics_sps > 0 )     num_long_term_sps ue(v)    num_long_term_pics ue(v)    for( i = 0; i < num_long_term_sps +    num_long_term_pics; i++ ) {     if( i < num_long_term_sps ) {      if( num_long_term_ref_pics_sps > 1 )       lt_idx_sps[ i ] u(v)     } else {      poc_lsb_lt[ i ] u(v)      used_by_curr_pic_lt_flag[ i ] u(1)     }     delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ i ] u(1)     if( delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ i ] )      delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ] ue(v)    }   } ...

ITU-T H.265 provides the following definitions for the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 3.

slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb specifies the picture order count modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb for the current picture. The length of the slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb syntax element is log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4 bits. The value of the slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb shall be in the range of 0 to MaxPicOrderCntLsb−1, inclusive. When slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb is not present, slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb is inferred to be equal to 0, except in some case specified in ITU-H.265.

short_term_ref_pic_set_sps_flag equal to 1 specifies that the short-term RPS of the current picture is derived based on one of the st_ref_pic_set( ) syntax structures in the active SPS that is identified by the syntax element short_term_refpic_set_idx in the slice header. short_term_ref_pic_set_sps_flag equal to 0 specifies that the short-term RPS of the current picture is derived based on the st_ref_pic_set( ) syntax structure that is directly included in the slice headers of the current picture. When num_short_term_ref_pic_sets is equal to 0, the value of short_term_ref_pic_set_sps_flag shall be equal to 0. short_term_ref_pic_set_idx specifies the index, into the list of the st_ref_pic_set( ) syntax structures included in the active SPS, of the st_ref_pic_set( ) syntax structure that is used for derivation of the short-term RPS of the current picture. The syntax element short_term_ref_pic_set_idx is represented by Ceil(Log 2(num_short_term_ref_pic_sets)) bits. When not present, the value of short_term_ref_pic_set_idx is inferred to be equal to 0. The value of short_term_ref_pic_set_idx shall be in the range of 0 to num_short_term_ref_pic_sets−1, inclusive.

The variable CurrRpsIdx is derived as follows:

-   -   If short_term_ref_pic_set_sps_flag is equal to 1, CurrRpsIdx is         set equal to short_term_ref_pic_set_idx.     -   Otherwise, CurrRpsIdx is set equal to         num_short_term_ref_pic_sets.

num_long_term_sps specifies the number of entries in the long-term RPS of the current picture that are derived based on the candidate long-term reference pictures specified in the active SPS. The value of num_long_term_sps shall be in the range of 0 to num_long_term_ref_pics_sps, inclusive. When not present, the value of num_long_term_sps is inferred to be equal to 0.

num_long_term_pics specifies the number of entries in the long-term RPS of the current picture that are directly signalled in the slice header. When not present, the value of num_long_term_pics is inferred to be equal to 0.

When nuh_layer_id is equal to 0, the sum of NumNegativePics[CurrRpsIdx], NumPositivePics[CurrRpsIdx], num_long_term_sps and num_long_term_pics shall be less than or equal to sps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1[sps_max_sub_layers_minus1].

lt_idx_sps[i] specifies an index, into the list of candidate long-term reference pictures specified in the active SPS, of the i-th entry in the long-term RPS of the current picture. The number of bits used to represent lt_idx_sps[i] is equal to Ceil(Log 2(num_long_term_ref_pics_sps)). When not present, the value of lt_idx_sps[i] is inferred to be equal to 0. The value of lt_idx_sps[i] shall be in the range of 0 to num_long_term_ref_pics_sps−1, inclusive. poc_lsb_lt[i] specifies the value of the picture order count modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb of the i-th entry in the long-term RPS of the current picture. The length of the poc_lsb_lt[i] syntax element is log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4 bits. used_by_curr_pic_lt_flag[i] equal to 0 specifies that the i-th entry in the long-term RPS of the current picture is not used for reference by the current picture.

The variables PocLsbLt[i] and UsedByCurrPicLt[i] are derived as follows:

-   -   If i is less than num_long_term_sps, PocLsbLt[i] is set equal to         lt_ref_pic_poc_lsb_sps[lt_idx_sps[i]] and UsedByCurrPicLt[i] is         set equal to used_by_curr_pic_lt_sps_flag[lt_idx_sps[i]].     -   Otherwise, PocLsbLt[i] is set equal to poc_lsb_lt[i] and         UsedByCurrPicLt[i] is set equal to used_by_curr_pic_lt_flag[i].

delta_poc_msb_present_flag[i] equal to 1 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i] is present. delta_poc_msb_present_flag[i] equal to 0 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i] is not present.

delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i] is used to determine the value of the most significant bits of the picture order count value of the i-th entry in the long-term RPS of the current picture. When delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i] is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0.

The variable DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[i] is derived as follows:

if( i = = 0 | | i = = num_long_term_sps )  DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ i ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ] else  DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ i ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ] + DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ i − 1 ]

As described above, in ITU-T H.265 PocStCurrBefore, PocStCurrAfter, PocStFoll, PocLtCurr and PocLtFoll are constructed to derive the RPS. ITU-T H.265 provides the following with respect to constructing PocStCurrBefore, PocStCurrAfter, PocStFoll, PocLtCurr and PocLtFoll:

-   -   If the current picture is an IDR picture, PocStCurrBefore,         PocStCurrAfter, PocStFoll, PocLtCurr and PocLtFoll are all set         to be empty, and NumPocStCurrBefore, NumPocStCurrAfter,         NumPocStFoll, NumPocLtCurr and NumPocLtFoll are all set equal to         0.     -   Otherwise, the following applies:

for( i = 0, j = 0, k = 0; i < NumNegativePics[ CurrRpsIdx ] ; i++ )  if( UsedByCurrPicS0[ CurrRpsIdx ][ i ] )  PocStCurrBefore[ j++ ] = PicOrderCntVal + DeltaPocS0[ CurrRpsIdx ][ i ]  else  PocStFoll[ k++ ] = PicOrderCntVal + DeltaPocS0[ CurrRpsIdx ][ i ] NumPocStCurrBefore = j for( i = 0, j = 0; i < NumPositivePics[ CurrRpsIdx ]; i++ )  if( UsedByCurrPicS1[ CurrRpsIdx ][ i ] )  PocStCurrAfter[ j++ ] = PicOrderCntVal + DeltaPocS1[ CurrRpsIdx ][ i ]  else  PocStFoll[ k++ ] = PicOrderCntVal + DeltaPocS1[ CurrRpsIdx ][ i ] NumPocStCurrAfter = j NumPocStFoll = k for( i = 0, j = 0, k = 0; i < num_long_term_sps + num_long_term_pics; i++ ) {  pocLt = PocLsbLt[ i ]  if( delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ i ] )   pocLt += PicOrderCntVal − DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ i ] * MaxPicOrderCntLsb −  ( PicOrderCntVal & ( MaxPicOrderCntLsb − 1 ) )  if( UsedByCurrPicLt[ i ] ) {   PocLtCurr[ j ] = pocLt   CurrDeltaPocMsbPresentFlag[ j++ ] = delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ i ]  } else {   PocLtFoll[ k ] = pocLt   FollDeltaPocMsbPresentFlag[ k++ ] = delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ i ]   } } NumPocLtCurr = j NumPocLtFoll = k

ITU-T H.265 further provides where PocStCurrBefore, PocStCurrAfter, PocStFoll, PocLtCurr, and PocLtFoll are used to derive the five RPS lists for the current picture (RefPicSetStCurrBefore, RefPicSetStCurrAfter, RefPicSetStFoll, RefPicSetLtCurr and RefPicSetLtFoll) as follows:

1. The following applies:  for( i = 0; i < NumPocLtCurr; i++ )   if( !CurrDeltaPocMsbPresentFlag[ i ] )    if( there is a reference picture picX in the DPB with  PicOrderCntVal & ( MaxPicOrderCntLsb − 1 )   equal to PocLtCurr[ i ] and nuh_layer_id equal to  currPicLayerId )   RefPicSetLtCurr[ i ] = picX else   RefPicSetLtCurr[ i ] = ″no reference picture″ else  if( there is a reference picture picX in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal equal to PocLtCurr[ i ]  and nuh_layer_id equal to currPicLayerId )   RefPicSetLtCurr[ i ] = picX else   RefPicSetLtCurr[ i ] = ″no reference picture″ for( i = 0; i < NumPocLtFoll; i++ )  if( !FollDeltaPocMsbPresentFlag[ i ] )   if( there is a reference picture picX in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal & ( MaxPicOrderCntLsb − 1 )  equal to PocLtFoll[ i ] and nuh_layer_id equal to currPicLayerId )   RefPicSetLtFoll[ i ] = picX else   RefPicSetLtFoll[ i ] = ″no reference picture″ else  if( there is a reference picture picX in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal equal to PocLtFoll[ i ]   and nuh_layer_id equal to currPicLayerId )   RefPicSetLtFoll[ i ] = picX else   RefPicSetLtFoll[ i ] = ″no reference picture″ 2. All reference pictures that are included in RefPicSetLtCurr or RefPicSetLtFoll and have nuh_layer_id equal to currPicLayerId are marked as ″used for long-term reference″. 3. The following applies: for( i = 0; i < NumPocStCurrBefore; i++ )  if( there is a short-term reference picture picX in the DPB   with PicOrderCntVal equal to PocStCurrBefore[ i ] and nuh_layer_id equal to currPicLayerId )   RefPicSetStCurrBefore[ i ] = picX else   RefPicSetStCurrBefore[ i ] = ″no reference picture″ for( i = 0; i < NumPocStCurrAfter; i++ )  if( there is a short-term reference picture picX in the DPB   with PicOrderCntVal equal to PocStCurrAfter[ i ] and nuh_layer_id equal to currPicLayerId )   RefPicSetStCurrAfter[ i ] = picX else   RefPicSetStCurrAfter[ i ] = ″no reference picture″ for( i = 0; i < NumPocStFoll; i++ )  if( there is a short-term reference picture picX in the DPB   with PicOrderCntVal equal to PocStFoll[ i ] and nuh_layer_id equal to currPicLayerId )   RefPicSetStFoll[ i ] = picX else   RefPicSetStFoll[ i ] = ″no reference picture″ 4. All reference pictures in the DPB that are not included in RefPicSetLtCurr, RefPicSetLtFoll, RefPicSetStCurrBefore, RefPicSetStCurrAfter, or RefPicSetStFoll and have nuh_layer_id equal to currPicLayerId are marked as ″unused for reference″.

Finally, in ITU-T H.265 a decoding process is performed for construction of one or two temporary reference picture list(s) using the five RPS lists. The one or two temporary reference picture list(s) that are constructed may optionally be modified (i.e., re-indexed). The modified or unmodified temporary reference picture list(s) are used to create a final reference picture list(s). The index values of the reference picture list(s) are used to identify a picture during inter prediction.

According to the techniques herein, a simplified process for generating a reference picture lists is described. According to the techniques herein, reference picture lists may be signaled directly. As described in further detail below, in one example, according to the techniques herein, reference picture lists may be signaled directly as follows: a set of candidate picture lists may be signaled in the SPS and one to three indices to the SPS candidate picture lists may be signaled in the slice segment header or new reference picture lists may be signaled directly in slice segment header; the one or two final reference picture lists may be created based on the signaled indices. Additionally, reference pictures are marked based on one, two, or three reference picture lists. The techniques described herein result is a more simplified decoding process compared to the ITU-T H.265 approach. Further, direct signaling of reference picture lists avoids requiring signaling of reference picture list modification syntax on top of reference picture set syntax.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a system that may be configured to code (i.e., encode and/or decode) video data according to one or more techniques of this disclosure. System 100 represents an example of a system that may encapsulate video data according to one or more techniques of this disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 1, system 100 includes source device 102, communications medium 110, and destination device 120. In the example illustrated in FIG. 1, source device 102 may include any device configured to encode video data and transmit encoded video data to communications medium 110. Destination device 120 may include any device configured to receive encoded video data via communications medium 110 and to decode encoded video data. Source device 102 and/or destination device 120 may include computing devices equipped for wired and/or wireless communications and may include, for example, set top boxes, digital video recorders, televisions, desktop, laptop or tablet computers, gaming consoles, medical imagining devices, and mobile devices, including, for example, smartphones, cellular telephones, personal gaming devices.

Communications medium 110 may include any combination of wireless and wired communication media, and/or storage devices. Communications medium 110 may include coaxial cables, fiber optic cables, twisted pair cables, wireless transmitters and receivers, routers, switches, repeaters, base stations, or any other equipment that may be useful to facilitate communications between various devices and sites. Communications medium 110 may include one or more networks. For example, communications medium 110 may include a network configured to enable access to the World Wide Web, for example, the Internet. A network may operate according to a combination of one or more telecommunication protocols. Telecommunications protocols may include proprietary aspects and/or may include standardized telecommunication protocols. Examples of standardized telecommunications protocols include Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) standards, Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) standards, Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting (ISDB) standards, Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) standards, Global System Mobile Communications (GSM) standards, code division multiple access (CDMA) standards, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards, European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standards, Internet Protocol (IP) standards, Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) standards, and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards.

Storage devices may include any type of device or storage medium capable of storing data. A storage medium may include a tangible or non-transitory computer-readable media. A computer readable medium may include optical discs, flash memory, magnetic memory, or any other suitable digital storage media. In some examples, a memory device or portions thereof may be described as non-volatile memory and in other examples portions of memory devices may be described as volatile memory. Examples of volatile memories may include random access memories (RAM), dynamic random access memories (DRAM), and static random access memories (SRAM). Examples of non-volatile memories may include magnetic hard discs, optical discs, floppy discs, flash memories, or forms of electrically programmable memories (EPROM) or electrically erasable and programmable (EEPROM) memories. Storage device(s) may include memory cards (e.g., a Secure Digital (SD) memory card), internal/external hard disk drives, and/or internal/external solid state drives. Data may be stored on a storage device according to a defined file format.

FIG. 4 is a conceptual drawing illustrating an example of components that may be included in an implementation of system 100. In the example implementation illustrated in FIG. 4, system 100 includes one or more computing devices 402A-402N, television service network 404, television service provider site 406, wide area network 408, local area network 410, and one or more content provider sites 412A-412N. The implementation illustrated in FIG. 4 represents an example of a system that may be configured to allow digital media content, such as, for example, a movie, a live sporting event, etc., and data and applications and media presentations associated therewith to be distributed to and accessed by a plurality of computing devices, such as computing devices 402A-402N. In the example illustrated in FIG. 4, computing devices 402A-402N may include any device configured to receive data from one or more of television service network 404, wide area network 408, and/or local area network 410. For example, computing devices 402A-402N may be equipped for wired and/or wireless communications and may be configured to receive services through one or more data channels and may include televisions, including so-called smart televisions, set top boxes, and digital video recorders. Further, computing devices 402A-402N may include desktop, laptop, or tablet computers, gaming consoles, mobile devices, including, for example, “smart” phones, cellular telephones, and personal gaming devices.

Television service network 404 is an example of a network configured to enable digital media content, which may include television services, to be distributed. For example, television service network 404 may include public over-the-air television networks, public or subscription-based satellite television service provider networks, and public or subscription-based cable television provider networks and/or over the top or Internet service providers. It should be noted that although in some examples television service network 404 may primarily be used to enable television services to be provided, television service network 404 may also enable other types of data and services to be provided according to any combination of the telecommunication protocols described herein. Further, it should be noted that in some examples, television service network 404 may enable two-way communications between television service provider site 406 and one or more of computing devices 402A-402N. Television service network 404 may comprise any combination of wireless and/or wired communication media. Television service network 404 may include coaxial cables, fiber optic cables, twisted pair cables, wireless transmitters and receivers, routers, switches, repeaters, base stations, or any other equipment that may be useful to facilitate communications between various devices and sites. Television service network 404 may operate according to a combination of one or more telecommunication protocols. Telecommunications protocols may include proprietary aspects and/or may include standardized telecommunication protocols. Examples of standardized telecommunications protocols include DVB standards, ATSC standards, ISDB standards, DTMB standards, DMB standards, Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) standards, HbbTV standards, W3C standards, and UPnP standards.

Referring again to FIG. 4, television service provider site 406 may be configured to distribute television service via television service network 404. For example, television service provider site 406 may include one or more broadcast stations, a cable television provider, or a satellite television provider, or an Internet-based television provider. For example, television service provider site 406 may be configured to receive a transmission including television programming through a satellite uplink/downlink. Further, as illustrated in FIG. 4, television service provider site 406 may be in communication with wide area network 408 and may be configured to receive data from content provider sites 412A-412N. It should be noted that in some examples, television service provider site 406 may include a television studio and content may originate therefrom.

Wide area network 408 may include a packet based network and operate according to a combination of one or more telecommunication protocols. Telecommunications protocols may include proprietary aspects and/or may include standardized telecommunication protocols. Examples of standardized telecommunications protocols include Global System Mobile Communications (GSM) standards, code division multiple access (CDMA) standards, 3^(rd) Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards, European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standards, European standards (EN), IP standards, Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) standards, and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards, such as, for example, one or more of the IEEE 802 standards (e.g., Wi-Fi). Wide area network 408 may comprise any combination of wireless and/or wired communication media. Wide area network 408 may include coaxial cables, fiber optic cables, twisted pair cables, Ethernet cables, wireless transmitters and receivers, routers, switches, repeaters, base stations, or any other equipment that may be useful to facilitate communications between various devices and sites. In one example, wide area network 408 may include the Internet. Local area network 410 may include a packet based network and operate according to a combination of one or more telecommunication protocols. Local area network 410 may be distinguished from wide area network 408 based on levels of access and/or physical infrastructure. For example, local area network 410 may include a secure home network.

Referring again to FIG. 4, content provider sites 412A-412N represent examples of sites that may provide multimedia content to television service provider site 406 and/or computing devices 402A-402N. For example, a content provider site may include a studio having one or more studio content servers configured to provide multimedia files and/or streams to television service provider site 406. In one example, content provider sites 412A-412N may be configured to provide multimedia content using the IP suite. For example, a content provider site may be configured to provide multimedia content to a receiver device according to Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), HTTP, or the like. Further, content provider sites 412A-412N may be configured to provide data, including hypertext based content, and the like, to one or more of receiver devices computing devices 402A-402N and/or television service provider site 406 through wide area network 408. Content provider sites 412A-412N may include one or more web servers. Data provided by data provider site 412A-412N may be defined according to data formats.

Referring again to FIG. 1, source device 102 includes video source 104, video encoder 106, data encapsulator 107, and interface 108. Video source 104 may include any device configured to capture and/or store video data. For example, video source 104 may include a video camera and a storage device operably coupled thereto. Video encoder 106 may include any device configured to receive video data and generate a compliant bitstream representing the video data. A compliant bitstream may refer to a bitstream that a video decoder can receive and reproduce video data therefrom. Aspects of a compliant bitstream may be defined according to a video coding standard. When generating a compliant bitstream video encoder 106 may compress video data. Compression may be lossy (discernible or indiscernible to a viewer) or lossless. FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an example of video encoder 500 that may implement the techniques for encoding video data described herein. It should be noted that although example video encoder 500 is illustrated as having distinct functional blocks, such an illustration is for descriptive purposes and does not limit video encoder 500 and/or sub-components thereof to a particular hardware or software architecture. Functions of video encoder 500 may be realized using any combination of hardware, firmware, and/or software implementations.

Video encoder 500 may perform intra prediction coding and inter prediction coding of picture areas, and, as such, may be referred to as a hybrid video encoder. In the example illustrated in FIG. 5, video encoder 500 receives source video blocks. In some examples, source video blocks may include areas of picture that has been divided according to a coding structure. For example, source video data may include macroblocks, CTUs, CBs, sub-divisions thereof, and/or another equivalent coding unit. In some examples, video encoder 500 may be configured to perform additional sub-divisions of source video blocks. It should be noted that the techniques described herein are generally applicable to video coding, regardless of how source video data is partitioned prior to and/or during encoding. In the example illustrated in FIG. 5, video encoder 500 includes summer 502, transform coefficient generator 504, coefficient quantization unit 506, inverse quantization and transform coefficient processing unit 508, summer 510, intra prediction processing unit 512, inter prediction processing unit 514, filter unit 516, and entropy encoding unit 518. As illustrated in FIG. 5, video encoder 500 receives source video blocks and outputs a bitstream.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 5, video encoder 500 may generate residual data by subtracting a predictive video block from a source video block. The selection of a predictive video block is described in detail below. Summer 502 represents a component configured to perform this subtraction operation. In one example, the subtraction of video blocks occurs in the pixel domain. Transform coefficient generator 504 applies a transform, such as a discrete cosine transform (DCT), a discrete sine transform (DST), or a conceptually similar transform, to the residual block or subdivisions thereof (e.g., four 8×8 transforms may be applied to a 16×16 array of residual values) to produce a set of residual transform coefficients. Transform coefficient generator 504 may be configured to perform any and all combinations of the transforms included in the family of discrete trigonometric transforms, including approximations thereof. Transform coefficient generator 504 may output transform coefficients to coefficient quantization unit 506. Coefficient quantization unit 506 may be configured to perform quantization of the transform coefficients. The quantization process may reduce the bit depth associated with some or all of the coefficients. The degree of quantization may alter the rate-distortion (i.e., bit-rate vs. quality of video) of encoded video data. The degree of quantization may be modified by adjusting a quantization parameter (QP). A quantization parameter may be determined based on slice level values and/or CU level values (e.g., CU delta QP values). QP data may include any data used to determine a QP for quantizing a particular set of transform coefficients. As illustrated in FIG. 5, quantized transform coefficients (which may be referred to as level values) are output to inverse quantization and transform coefficient processing unit 508. Inverse quantization and transform coefficient processing unit 508 may be configured to apply an inverse quantization and an inverse transformation to generate reconstructed residual data. As illustrated in FIG. 5, at summer 510, reconstructed residual data may be added to a predictive video block. In this manner, an encoded video block may be reconstructed and the resulting reconstructed video block may be used to evaluate the encoding quality for a given prediction, transformation, and/or quantization. Video encoder 500 may be configured to perform multiple coding passes (e.g., perform encoding while varying one or more of a prediction, transformation parameters, and quantization parameters). The rate-distortion of a bitstream or other system parameters may be optimized based on evaluation of reconstructed video blocks. Further, reconstructed video blocks may be stored and used as reference for predicting subsequent blocks.

Referring again to FIG. 5, intra prediction processing unit 512 may be configured to select an intra prediction mode for a video block to be coded. Intra prediction processing unit 512 may be configured to evaluate a frame and determine an intra prediction mode to use to encode a current block. As described above, possible intra prediction modes may include planar prediction modes, DC prediction modes, and angular prediction modes. Further, it should be noted that in some examples, a prediction mode for a chroma component may be inferred from a prediction mode for a luma prediction mode. Intra prediction processing unit 512 may select an intra prediction mode after performing one or more coding passes. Further, in one example, intra prediction processing unit 512 may select a prediction mode based on a rate-distortion analysis. As illustrated in FIG. 5, intra prediction processing unit 512 outputs intra prediction data (e.g., syntax elements) to entropy encoding unit 518 and transform coefficient generator 504. As described above, a transform performed on residual data may be mode dependent (e.g., a secondary transform matrix may be determined based on a predication mode).

Referring again to FIG. 5, inter prediction processing unit 514 may be configured to perform inter prediction coding for a current video block. Inter prediction processing unit 514 may be configured to receive source video blocks and calculate a motion vector for PUs of a video block. A motion vector may indicate the displacement of a PU of a video block within a current video frame relative to a predictive block within a reference frame. Inter prediction coding may use one or more reference pictures.

Further, motion prediction may be uni-predictive (use one motion vector) or bi-predictive (use two motion vectors). Inter prediction processing unit 514 may be configured to select a predictive block by calculating a pixel difference determined by, for example, sum of absolute difference (SAD), sum of square difference (SSD), or other difference metrics. As described above, a motion vector may be determined and specified according to motion vector prediction. Inter prediction processing unit 514 may be configured to perform motion vector prediction, as described above. Inter prediction processing unit 514 may be configured to generate a predictive block using the motion prediction data. For example, inter prediction processing unit 514 may locate a predictive video block within a frame buffer (not shown in FIG. 5). It should be noted that inter prediction processing unit 514 may further be configured to apply one or more interpolation filters to a reconstructed residual block to calculate sub-integer pixel values for use in motion estimation. Inter prediction processing unit 514 may output motion prediction data for a calculated motion vector to entropy encoding unit 518.

Referring again to FIG. 5, filter unit 516 receives reconstructed video blocks and coding parameters and outputs modified reconstructed video data. Filter unit 516 may be configured to perform deblocking and/or Sample Adaptive Offset (SAO) filtering. SAO filtering is a non-linear amplitude mapping that may be used to improve reconstruction by adding an offset to reconstructed video data. It should be noted that as illustrated in FIG. 5, intra prediction processing unit 512 and inter prediction processing unit 514 may receive modified reconstructed video block via filter unit 216. Entropy encoding unit 518 receives quantized transform coefficients and predictive syntax data (i.e., intra prediction data and motion prediction data). It should be noted that in some examples, coefficient quantization unit 506 may perform a scan of a matrix including quantized transform coefficients before the coefficients are output to entropy encoding unit 518. In other examples, entropy encoding unit 518 may perform a scan. Entropy encoding unit 518 may be configured to perform entropy encoding according to one or more of the techniques described herein. In this manner, video encoder 500 represents an example of a device configured to generate encoded video data according to one or more techniques of this disclose.

Referring again to FIG. 1, data encapsulator 107 may receive encoded video data and generate a compliant bitstream, e.g., a sequence of NAL units according to a defined data structure. A device receiving a compliant bitstream can reproduce video data therefrom. Further, as described above, sub-bitstream extraction may refer to a process where a device receiving a ITU-T H.265 compliant bitstream forms a new ITU-T H.265 compliant bitstream by discarding and/or modifying data in the received bitstream. It should be noted that the term conforming bitstream may be used in place of the term compliant bitstream. In one example, data encapsulator 107 may be configured to generate syntax according to one or more techniques described herein. It should be noted that data encapsulator 107 need not necessary be located in the same physical device as video encoder 106. For example, functions described as being performed by video encoder 106 and data encapsulator 107 may be distributed among devices illustrated in FIG. 4.

As described above, in one example, according to the techniques herein, reference picture lists may be signaled directly as follows: a set of candidate picture lists may be signaled in the SPS (or other parameter set, e.g., VPS) and one to three indices to the SPS candidate picture lists may be signaled in the slice segment header or new reference picture lists may be signaled directly in slice segment header. A slice segment header may is some cases be referred to as a segment header. Table 4 illustrates an example of relevant syntax that may be included in an SPS and Table 5 illustrates an example of relevant syntax in the a slice segment header that may be used for directly signaling reference picture lists according to the techniques herein. It should be noted that syntax included in Table 4 is not limited to being included in an SPS (e.g., the syntax may be included in a parameter set) and syntax included in Table 5 is not limited to being included in a slice segment header (e.g., the syntax may be included in a header associated with another type of picture region, e.g., a picture header or a tile set header).

TABLE 4 Descriptor seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) { ...  num_ref_pic_lists_minus1 ue(v)  for( i = 1; i < num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+1; i++)   pic_list( i )  rbsp_trailing_bits( ) }

TABLE 5 De- scrip- tor slice_header( ) {  ...    num_rpl_slice_header_minus1 u(2)   rpl_sps_flag u(1)   if( !rpl_sps_flag ) {     for( i = num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+1; i < num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+num_rpl_slice_header_minus1+2; i++)     pic_list(i)    }   else {     for( j = 0; j <     num_rpl_slice_header_minus1+1; j++)     rpl_index[j] u(v)   }  byte_alignment( ) }

In one example, the following definitions may be used for the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 4.

num_refpic_lists_minus1 specifies the number of pic_lists(i) syntax structures included in the SPS. The value of num_ref_pic_lists_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to 255, inclusive. pic_list(0) is inferred to be a null list of pictures. Thus pic_list(0) does not include any pictures. A decoder should allocate memory for a total number of (num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+4) pic_list( ) syntax structures since there may be up to 3 pic_list( ) syntax structure directly signalled in the slice headers of a current picture.

In one example, the following definitions may be used for the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 5.

num_rpl_slice_header_minus1 specifies the number of pic_lists(i) syntax structures signaled directly in the slice header if rpl_sps_flag is equal to 0 or specifies the number of rpl_index[j] entries signaled in the slice header if rpl_sps_flag is equal to 1. The value of num_rpl_slice_header_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to 2, inclusive. The value 3 is reserved. rpl_sps_flag equal to 1 specifies that the reference picture list(s) for the current picture are signaled based on pic_list( ) syntax structures in the active SPS as identified by the syntax element(s) rpl_idx[j] in the slice header. rpl_sps_flag equal to 0 specifies that the the reference picture list(s) for the current picture are signaled in the pic_list( ) syntax structure(s) that are directly signaled in the slice headers of the current picture.

rpl_idx[j] specifies the indices for reference picture list(s). rpl_idx[0] specifies an index for the reference picture list 0 for the current picture. If present, rpl_idx[1] specifies an index for the reference picture list 1 if current slice is a B slice and specifies an index for the list of pictures which include reference pictures for pictures following the current picture in the bitstream order, if the current slice is a P slice. If present, rpl_idx[2] specifies an index for the list of pictures which include reference pictures for pictures following the current picture in the bitstream order.

The syntax element rpl_idx[j] for j in the range of 0 to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1 inclusive is represented by Ceil(Log 2(num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+1)) bits. The value of rpl_idx[j] shall be in the range of 0 to num_ref_pic_lists_minus1, inclusive.

Table 6 illustrates an example of pic_list syntax according to the techniques herein.

TABLE 6 Descriptor pic_list( listIdx ) {  if(listIdx>2)   inv_list_flag u(1)  if(inv_list_flag==0) {   neg_delta_entries ue(v)   pos_delta_entries ue(v)   for( i = 0; i <   neg_delta_entries+pos_delta_entries;   i++ )    delta_entries_minus1[ i ] ue(v)  } }

Table 7 illustrates another example of pic_list syntax according to the techniques herein.

TABLE 7 Descriptor pic_list( listIdx ) {  if(listIdx>2)   inv_list_flag u(1) if(inv_list_flag==0) {   neg_delta_entries ue(v)   pos_delta_entries ue(v)   for( i = 0; i < neg_delta_entries; i++ ) {    delta_entries_minus1[ i ] ue(v)   }   for( i = neg_delta_entries; i <   neg_delta_entries+pos_delta_entries; i++ ) {    delta_entries_minus1[ i ] ue(v)   }  } }

In one example, the following definitions may be used for the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 6 and Table 7.

inv_list_flag equal to 1 specifies that the listIdx-th list of pictures is derived from (listIdx-1)-th list of pictures by inverting the sign of each delta POC value in the (listIdx-1)-th list. inv_list_flag equal to 0 specifies that the listIdx-th list of pictures is signaled. When inv_list_flag is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0.

neg_delta_entries specifies the number of entries in the listIdx-th list of pictures that have picture order count values less than the picture order count value of the current picture. The value of neg_delta_entries shall be in the range of 0 to sps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1[sps_max_sub_layers_minus1], inclusive.

pos_delta_entries specifies the number of entries in the listIdx-th list of pictures that have picture order count values greater than the picture order count value of the current picture. The value of pos_delta_entries shall be in the range of 0 to sps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1[sps_max_sub_layers_minus1]−neg_delta_entries, inclusive.

With respect to the example illustrated in Table 6, in one example, the following definitions may be used for syntax element delta_entries_minus1.

delta_entries_minus1[i] plus 1,

-   -   when i is equal to 0, specifies the difference between the         picture order count values of the current picture and i-th entry         in the listIdx-th list of pictures that has picture order count         value less than that of the current picture, or,     -   when i is greater than 0 and less than neg_delta_entries,         specifies the difference between the picture order count values         of the i-th entry and the (i+1)-th entry in the listIdx-th list         of pictures that have picture order count values less than the         picture order count value of the current picture, or,     -   when i is equal to neg_delta_entries, specifies the difference         between the picture order count values of the current picture         and the i-th entry in the listIdx-th list of pictures that has         picture order count value greater than that of the current         picture, or,     -   when i is greater than neg_delta_entries, specifies the         difference between the picture order count values of the         (i+1)-th entry and i-th entry in the listIdx-th list of pictures         that have picture order count values greater than the picture         order count value of the current picture.

The value of delta_entries_minus1[i] shall be in the range of 0 to 2¹⁵−1, inclusive.

When inv_list_flag is equal to 0, the variables NumNegativePics[listIdx], NumPositivePics[listIdx], NumPositivePics[listIdx], DeltaPoc[listIdx][i] are derived as follows:

NumNegativePics[listIdx]=neg_delta_entries

NumPositivePics[listIdx]=pos_delta_entries

NumDeltaPocs[listIdx]=NumNegativePics[listIdx]+NumPositivePics[listIdx]

-   -   If i is equal to 0, the following applies:

DeltaPoc[listIdx][i]=−(delta_entries_minus1[0]+1)

-   -   If i is >0 and less than neg_delta_entries, the following         applies:

DeltaPoc[listIdx][i]=DeltaPoc[listIdx][i−1]−(delta_entries_minus1[i]+1)

-   -   If i is equal to neg_delta_entries, the following applies:

DeltaPoc[listIdx][neg_delta_entries]=delta_entries_minus1[i]+1

-   -   If i is >neg delta_entries, the following applies:

DeltaPoc[listIdx][i]=DeltaPoc[listIdx][i]−1+(delta_entries_minus1[i]+1)

When inv_list_flag is equal to 1, the variables NumNegativePics[listIdx], NumPositivePics[listIdx], NumDeltaPocs[listIdx], DeltaPoc[listIdx][i] are derived as follows:

NumNegativePics[listIdx]=NumPositivePics[listIdx−1]

NumPositivePics[listIdx]=NumNegativePics[listIdx−1]

NumDeltaPocs[listIdx]=NumDeltaPocs[listIdx−1]

-   -   For i in the range of 0 to NumDeltaPocs[listIdx], inclusive the         following applies:

DeltaPoc[listIdx][i]=—(DeltaPoc[listIdx−1][i])

With respect to the example illustrated in Table 7, in one example, the following definitions may be used for syntax element delta_entries_minus1.

delta_entries_minus1[i] plus 1,

-   -   when i is equal to 0, specifies the difference between the         picture order count values of the current picture and i-th entry         in the listIdx-th list of pictures that has picture order count         value less than that of the current picture, or,     -   when i is greater than 0 and less than neg_delta_entries,         specifies the difference between the picture order count values         of the i-th entry and the (i+1)-th entry in the listIdx-th list         of pictures that have picture order count values less than the         picture order count value of the current picture, or,     -   when i is equal to neg_delta_entries, specifies the difference         between the picture order count values of the current picture         and the i-th entry in the listIdx-th list of pictures that has         picture order count value greater than that of the current         picture, or,     -   when i is greater than neg_delta_entries, specifies the         difference between the picture order count values of the         (i+1)-th entry and i-th entry in the listIdx-th list of pictures         that have picture order count values greater than the picture         order count value of the current picture.

The value of delta_entries_minus1[i] shall be in the range of 0 to 2¹⁵−1, inclusive.

When inv_list_flag is equal to 0, the variables NumNegativePics[listIdx], NumPositivePics[listIdx], DeltaPocS0[listIdx][i], and DeltaPocS1[listIdx][i] are derived as follows:

NumNegativePics[listIdx]=neg_delta_entries

NumPositivePics[listIdx]=pos_delta_entries

-   -   If i is equal to 0, the following applies:

DeltaPocS0[listIdx][i]=−(neg_delta_entries_minus1[i]+1)

DeltaPocS1[listIdx][i]=pos_delta_entries_minus1[i]+1

-   -   Otherwise, the following applies:

DeltaPocS0[listIdx][i]=DeltaPocS0[stRpsIdx][i−1]−(neg_delta_entries_minus1[i]+1)

DeltaPocS1[listIdx][i]=DeltaPocS1[stRpsIdx][i]−1+(pos_delta_entries_minus1[i]+1

The variable NumDeltaPocs[listIdx] is derived as follows:

NumDeltaPocs[listIdx]=NumNegativePics[listIdx]+NumPositivePics[listIdx]

Based on the syntax provided above in Tables 4-7, in one example, a process for deriving reference picture lists (RPL)s, i.e., a process performed by a video decoder at the onset of decoding a picture may be performed according to and/or based the following steps:

The following applies:

The variable CurrRPListIdx[j] for j in the range of 0 to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1, inclusive, is derived as follows:

-   -   If rpl_sps_flag is equal to 1, CurrRPListIdx[j] is set equal to         rpl_idx[j].     -   Otherwise, CurrRPListIdx[j] is set equal to         rpl_idx[num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+j+1].

The following applies for j in the range of 0 to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1, inclusive,

for( i = 0; i < NumDeltaPocs[ CurrRPListIdx[j] ]; i++ )  if( there is a short-term reference picture picX in the DPB    with PicOrderCntVal equal to (PicOrderCntVal + DeltaPoc[ CurrRPListIdx[j] ][ i ]) )   RefPics[ j ][ i ] = picX  else   RefPics[ j ][ i ] = ″no reference picture″

All reference pictures in the DPB that are not included in RefPics[j] for j in the range of 0 to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1, inclusive, are marked as “unused for reference”.

In one example, for the case where Otherwise, CurrRPListIdx[j] is set equal to rpl_idx[num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+j+1] the following may be performed

for( i = 0; i < NumDeltaPocs[ CurrRPListIdx[j] ] ; i++ )    PocSt[ i ] = PicOrderCntVal + DeltaPoc[ CurrRPListIdx[j] ][ i ] for( i = 0; i < NumDeltaPocs[ CurrRPListIdx[j] ]; i++ )  if( there is a short-term reference picture picX in the DPB    with PicOrderCntVal equal to PocSt [ i ] )   RefPics[ j ][ i ] = picX else   RefPics[ j ][ i ] = ″no reference picture″

Further, based on the syntax provided above in Tables 4-7, in one example, a process for reference picture lists construction, i.e., a process performed by a video decoder at the beginning of the decoding process for each P or B slice for constructing the reference picture lists RefPicList0 and, for B slices, RefPicList1 may be as performed based on the following:

The variable NumRpsCurrList0 is set equal to Max(num_ref_idx_10_active_minus1+1,

NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[0]]) and the list RefPicList0 is constructed as follows:

-   -   for(i=0, rIdx=0; i<NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[0]]&&         rIdx<NumRpsCurrList0;rIdx++, i++)         RefPicList0[rIdx]=RefPics[0][i]

When the slice is a B slice, the variable NumRpsCurrList1 is set equal to Max(num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1+1, NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[0]]) and the list RefPicList1 is constructed as follows:

-   for(i=0, rIdx=0; i<NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[1]]&&     rIdx<NumRpsCurrList1; rIdx++, i++) RefPicList1[rIdx]=RefPics[1][i]

In another example, constructing the reference picture lists RefPicList0 and, for B slices, RefPicList1 may be as performed based on the following, where a RPL modification may be present:

The list RefPicList0 is constructed as follows.

The RefPicList0 entries above are assigned to RefPicListTemp0 and RefPicList1 entries above are assigned to RefPicListTemp1 array respectively. Then final reference picture lists are derived as:

  for( rIdx = 0; rIdx <= num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1; rIdx++)  RefPicList0[ rIdx ] = ref_pic_list_modification_flag_l0 ? RefPicListTemp0[ list_entry_l0[ rIdx ] ] : RefPicListTemp0[ rIdx ]

When the slice is a B slice, the list RefPicList1 is constructed as follows:

  for( rIdx = 0; rIdx <= num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1; rIdx++)  RefPicList1[ rIdx ] = ref_pic_list_modification_flag_l1 ? RefPicListTemp1[ list_entry_l1[ rIdx ] ] : RefPicListTemp1[ rIdx ]

Further, based on the syntax provided above in Tables 4-7, in one example, a process for generating unavailable reference pictures may be performed according to and/or based the following steps:

This process is invoked once per coded picture.

When this process is invoked, the following applies:

-   -   For each RefPics[j][i], with i in the range of 0 to         NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]], inclusive, for j in the range 0         to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1, inclusive, that is equal to “no         reference picture”, a picture is generated as specified in         “generation of one unavailable picture”, and the following         applies:         -   The value of PicOrderCntVal for the generated picture is set             equal to PicOrderCntVal+DeltaPoc[CurrRPListIdx[j]][i].         -   The generated picture is marked as “used for short-term             reference”.         -   RefPics[j][i], is set to be the generated reference picture.

Further, based on the syntax provided above in Tables 4-7, in one example, a process for generating one unavailable reference pictures may be performed according to and/or based the following steps: When this process is invoked, an unavailable picture is generated as follows:

-   -   The value of each element in the sample array S_(L) for the         picture is set equal to 1<<(BitDepth_(Y)−1).     -   The value of each element in the sample arrays S_(Cb) and S_(Cr)         for the picture is set equal to 1<<(BitDepth_(C)−1).     -   The prediction mode CuPredMode[x][y] is set equal to MODE INTRA         for x=0 . . . pic_width_in_luma_samples−1, y=0 . . .         pic_height_in_luma_samples−1.

Further, based on the syntax provided above in Tables 4-7, in one example, a process for selecting a reference picture may be performed according to and/or based the following steps:

Input to this process is a reference index refIdxLX.

Output of this process is a reference picture consisting of a two-dimensional array of luma samples refPicLX_(L) and two two-dimensional arrays of chroma samples refPicLX_(Cb) and refPicLX_(Cr).

The output reference picture RefPicListX[refIdxLX] consists of a pic_width_in_luma_samples by pic_height_in_luma_samples array of luma samples refPicLX_(L) and two PicWidthInSamplesC by PicHeightInSamplesC arrays of chroma samples refPicLX_(Cb) and refPicLX_(Cr).

The reference picture sample arrays refPicLX_(L), refPicLX_(Cb), and refPicLX_(Cr) correspond to decoded sample arrays S_(L), S_(Cb), and S_(Cr) for a previously-decoded picture.

In one example, according to the techniques herein, long-term reference picture lists may be signaled directly, as provided in further detail below. Table 8 illustrates an example of relevant syntax that may be included in an SPS for signaling long-term reference picture lists directly. It should be noted that syntax included in Table 8 is not limited to being included in an SPS (e.g., the syntax may be included in a parameter set).

TABLE 8 Descriptor seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) { ...  long_term_ref_pics_present_flag u(1)  num_ref_pic_lists_minus1 ue(v)  for( i = 1; i < num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+1; i++)   pic_list( i )  rbsp_trailing_bits( ) }

In one example, the following definitions may be used for the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 8.

long_term_ref_pics_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that no long-term reference picture is used for inter prediction of any coded picture in the CVS. long_term_ref_pics_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that long-term reference pictures may be used for inter prediction of one or more coded pictures in the CVS.

num_ref_pic_lists_minus1 specifies the number of pic_lists(i) syntax structures included in the SPS. The value of num_ref_pic_lists_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to 255, inclusive.

pic_list(0) is inferred to be a null list of pictures. Thus pic_list(0) does not include any pictures.

A decoder should allocate memory for a total number of (num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+4) pic_list( ) syntax structures since there may be up to 3 pic_list( ) syntax structure directly signalled in the slice headers of a current picture.

Table 9A illustrates an example of pic_list syntax that may be used in conjunction with the example syntax illustrated in Table 8.

TABLE 9A Descriptor pic_list( listIdx ) {  if(listIdx>2)   inv_list_flag u(1)  if(inv_list_flag==0) {   neg_delta_entries ue(v)   pos_delta_entries ue(v)   for( i = 0; i <   neg_delta_entries+pos_delta_entries; i++ )    delta_entries_mimis1[ i ] ue(v)  }  if(long_term_ref_pics_present_flag) {   ltrp_list_present_flag   if( ltrp_list_present_flag) {   num_long_term_pics_minus1 ue(v)    for( j = 0; j <    num_long_term_pics_minus1+1; j++ ) {     poc_lsb_lt[ j ] u(v)     delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ j ] u(1)     if( delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ j ] )      delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ j ] ue(v)   }   }  } }

In one example, the following definitions may be used for the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 9A.

inv_list_flag equal to 1 specifies that the listIdx-th list of pictures is derived from (listIdx-1)-th list of pictures by inverting the sign of each delta POC value in the (listIdx-1)-th list. inv_list_flag equal to 0 specifies that the listIdx-th list of pictures is signaled. When inv_list_flag is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0.

neg_delta_entries specifies the number of entries in the listIdx-th list of pictures that have picture order count values less than the picture order count value of the current picture. The value of neg_delta_entries shall be in the range of 0 to sps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1[sps_max_sub_layers_minus1], inclusive.

pos_delta_entries specifies the number of entries in the listIdx-th list of pictures that have picture order count values greater than the picture order count value of the current picture. The value of pos_delta_entries shall be in the range of 0 to sps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1[sps_max_sub_layers_minus1]−neg_delta_entries, inclusive. delta_entries_minus1[i] plus 1,

-   -   when i is equal to 0, specifies the difference between the         picture order count values of the current picture and i-th entry         in the listIdx-th list of pictures that has picture order count         value less than that of the current picture, or,     -   when i is greater than 0 and less than neg_delta_entries,         specifies the difference between the picture order count values         of the i-th entry and the (i+1)-th entry in the listIdx-th list         of pictures that have picture order count values less than the         picture order count value of the current picture, or,     -   when i is equal to neg_delta_entries, specifies the difference         between the picture order count values of the current picture         and the i-th entry in the listIdx-th list of pictures that has         picture order count value greater than that of the current         picture, or,     -   when i is greater than neg_delta_entries, specifies the         difference between the picture order count values of the         (i+1)-th entry and i-th entry in the listIdx-th list of pictures         that have picture order count values greater than the picture         order count value of the current picture.

The value of delta_entries_minus1[i] shall be in the range of 0 to 2¹⁵−1, inclusive. ltrp_list_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that no long-term reference pictures are signaled in this picture list. ltrp_list_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that long-term reference pictures are signaled in this picture list and num_long_term_pics_minus1, poc_lst_lt[j], delta_poc_msb_present_flag[j] are present and delta_po_msb_cycle_lt[j] may be present. When not present ltrp_list_present_flag is inferred to be equal to 0.

num_long_term_pics_minus1 plus 1 specifies the number of long-term reference picture entries in the picture list. The sum of NumNegativePics[listIdx], NumPositivePics[listIdx], (num_long_term_pics_minus1+1) shall be less than or equal to sps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1[sps_max_sub_layers_minus1].

poc_jsb_lt[j] specifies the value of the picture order count modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb of the j-th long-term reference picture in the list. The length of the poc_lsb_lt[i] syntax element is log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4 bits.

delta_poc_msb_present_flag[j] equal to 1 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[j] is present.

delta_poc_msb_present_flag[j] equal to 0 specifies that delta_pocmsb_cycle_lt[j] is not present. delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[j] is used to determine the value of the most significant bits of the picture order count value of the j-th long-term reference picture in the list. When delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[j] is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0.

The variable DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[j] is derived as follows:

if( j = = 0 )  DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ j ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ j ] else  DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ j ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ j ] +  DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ j − 1 ]

When inv_list_flag is equal to 0, the variables NumNegativePics[listIdx], NumPositivePics[listIdx], NumPositivePics[listIdx], DeltaPoc[listIdx][i] are derived as follows:

NumNegativePics[listIdx]=neg_delta_entries

NumPositivePics[listIdx]=pos_delta_entries

NumDeltaPocs[listIdx]=NumNegativePics[listIdx]+NumPositivePics[listIdx]

-   -   If i is equal to 0, the following applies:

DeltaPoc[listIdx][i]=—(delta_entries_minus1[0]+1)

-   -   If i is >0 and less than neg_delta_entries, the following         applies:

DeltaPoc[listIdx][i]=DeltaPoc[listIdx][i−1]—(delta_entries_minus1[i]+1)

-   -   If i is equal to neg_delta_entries, the following applies:

DeltaPoc[listIdx][neg_delta_entries]=delta_entries_minus1[i]+1

-   -   If i is >neg_delta_entries, the following applies:

DeltaPoc[listIdx][i]=DeltaPoc[listIdx][i]−1+(delta_entries_minus1[i]+1)

When inv_list_flag is equal to 1, the variables NumNegativePics[listIdx], NumPositivePics[listIdx], NumDeltaPocs[listIdx], DeltaPoc[listIdx][i] are derived as follows:

NumNegativePics[listIdx]=NumPositivePics[listIdx−1]

NumPositivePics[listIdx]=NumNegativePics[listIdx−1]

NumDeltaPocs[listIdx]=NumDeltaPocs[listIdx−1]

-   -   For i in the range of 0 to NumDeltaPocs[listIdx], inclusive the         following applies:

  DeltaPoc[ listIdx ][ i ] = −( DeltaPoc[ listIdx-1 ][ i ] ) If ltrp_list_present_flag is equal to 0 NumPocLt[ listIdx ] is set equal to 0 Otherwise: NumPocLt[ listIdx ] = num_long_term_pics_minus1+1 for( j = 0; j < num_long_term_pics_minus1+1; j++ ) {  DpocLt[ listIdx ][ j ] = poc_lsb_lt[ j ] - (delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ j ] ? DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ j ]*MaxPicOrderCntLsb : 0)   DeltaPocMsbPresentFlag[ listIdx ][ j ] = delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ j ] }

Table 9B illustrates another example of pic_list syntax that may be used in conjunction with the example syntax illustrated in Table 8. It should be noted that in the example illustrated in Table 9B, the signaling of the reference picture list in any order is allowed, as opposed to approaches that require the pictures prior to the current picture to be signaled first.

TABLE 9B Descriptor pic_list( listIdx ) {  if(listIdx>2)   inv_list_flag u(1)  if(inv_list_flag==0) {    num_strp_pics ue(v)    for(i=0; i<num_strp_pics; i++) {    strp_delta_poc[ i ] ue(v)     if(strp_delta_poc[i])      strp_pic_sign [ i ] u(1)   }  }  if(long_term_ref_pics_present_flag) {   ltrp_list_present_flag   if( ltrp_list_present_flag) {   num_long_term_pics_minus1 ue(v)   for( j = 0; j <   num_long_term_pics_minus1+1; j++ ) {     poc_lsb_lt[ j ] u(v)     delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ j ] u(1)     if( delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ j ] )      delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ j ] ue(v)   }   }  } }

In one example, the following definitions may be used for the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 9B.

inv_list_flag equal to 1 specifies that the listIdx-th list of pictures is derived from (listIdx-1)-th list of pictures by inverting the sign of each delta POC value in the (listIdx-1)-th list. inv_list_flag equal to 0 specifies that the listIdx-th list of pictures is signaled. When inv_list_flag is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0.

num_strp_pics specifies the number of short-term reference picture (STRP) entries in the listIdx-th list of pictures.

Variant: In a variant instead of num_str_pics a syntax element num_strp_pics_minus1 may be signaled. It may have semantics as follows:

num_strp_pics_minus1 plus 1 specifies the number of short-term reference picture (STRP) entries in the listIdx-th list of pictures.

strp_delta_poc[i], when the i-th entry is the first STRP entry in listIdx-th list of pictures, specifies the absolute difference between the picture order count values of the current picture and the picture referred to by the i-th entry, or, when the i-th entry is an STRP entry but not the first STRP entry in the listIdx-th list of pictures, specifies the absolute difference between the picture order count values of the pictures referred to by the i-th entry and by the previous STRP entry in the listIdx-th list of pictures.

The value of delta_poc_st[i] shall be in the range of 0 to 2¹⁵−1, inclusive.

strp_pic_sign[i] equal to 1 specifies that i-th entry in the listIdx-th list of pictures has a delta picture order count (POC) value greater than or equal to 0. strp_pic_sign[i] equal to 0 specifies that the i-th entry in the listIdx-th list of pictures has a delta picture order count (POC) value less than 0. When not present strp_pic_sign[i] is inferred to be equal to 1. In another example when not present strp_pic_sign[i] is inferred to be equal to 0.

ltrp_list_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that no long-term reference pictures are signaled in this picture list. ltrp_list_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that long-term reference pictures are signaled in this picture list and num_long_term_pics_minus1, poc_lst_lt[j], delta_poc_msb_present_flag[j] are present and delta_po_msb_cycle_lt[j] may be present. When not present ltrp_list_present_flag is inferred to be equal to 0.

num_long_term_pics_minus1 plus 1 specifies the number of long-term reference picture entries in the picture list.

The sum of NumNegativePics[listIdx], NumPositivePics[listIdx], (num_long_term_pics_minus1+1) shall be less than or equal to sps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1[sps_max_sub_layers_minus1].

poc_lsb_lt[j] specifies the value of the picture order count modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb of the j-th long-term reference picture in the list. The length of the poc_lsb_lt[i] syntax element is log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4 bits.

delta_poc_msb_present_flag[j] equal to 1 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[j] is present. delta_poc_msb_present_flag[j] equal to 0 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[j] is not present.

delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[j] is used to determine the value of the most significant bits of the picture order count value of the j-th long-term reference picture in the list. When delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[j] is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0.

The variable DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[j] is derived as follows:

if( j = = 0 )  DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ j ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ j ] else  DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ j ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ j ] + DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ j − 1 ]

When inv_list_flag is equal to 0, the variables NumNegativePics[listIdx], NumPositivePics[listIdx], NumPositivePics[listIdx], DeltaPoc[listIdx][i] are derived as follows:

for( i = 0, NumNegativePics[ listIdx]=0, NumPositivePics[ listIdx ]=0; i < num_strp_entries; i++ ){  DeltaPoc[ listIdx ][ i ] = (strp_pic_sign[ i ] ? delta_poc_st[ i ] : (0 − delta_poc_st[ i ] ))  if(strp_pic_sign[ i ])   NumPositivePics[ listIdx ]++  else   NumNegativePics[ listIdx ]++  }

NumDeltaPocs[listIdx]=NumNegativePics[listIdx]+NumPositivePics[listIdx]

When inv_list_flag is equal to 1, the variables NumNegativePics[listIdx], NumPositivePics[listIdx], NumDeltaPocs[listIdx], DeltaPoc[listIdx][i] are derived as follows:

NumNegativePics[listIdx]=NumPositivePics[listIdx−1]

NumPositivePics[listIdx]=NumNegativePics[listIdx−1]

NumDeltaPocs[listIdx]=NumDeltaPocs[listIdx−1]

-   -   For i in the range of 0 to NumDeltaPocs[listIdx], inclusive the         following applies:

DeltaPoc[listIdx][i]=—(DeltaPoc[listIdx−1][i])

If ltrp_list_present_flag is equal to 0 NumPocLt[listIdx] is set equal to 0

Otherwise: NumPocLt[listIdx]=num_long_term_pics_minus1+1

for( j = 0; j < num_long_term_pics_minus1+1; j++ ) {  DpocLt[ listIdx ][ j ] = poc_lsb_lt[ j ] - (delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ j ] ? DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ j ]*MaxPicOrderCntLsb : 0)   DeltaPocMsbPresentFlag[ listIdx ][ j ] = delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ j ] }

Based on the syntax provided above in Table 8 and Tables 9A-9B, in one example, a process for deriving reference picture lists (RPL)s may be performed according to and/or based the following steps. The steps may be executed in sequence shown below or in a different order:

The following applies:

The variable CurrRPListIdx[j] for j in the range of 0 to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1, inclusive, is derived as follows:

-   -   If rpl_sps_flag is equal to 1, CurrRPListIdx[j] is set equal to         rpl_idx[j].         -   Otherwise, CurrRPListIdx[j] is set equal to             rpl_idx[num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+j+1].

The following applies for j in the range of 0 to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1, inclusive,

for( i = 0; i < NumDeltaPocs[ CurrRPListIdx[j] ]; i++ )  if( there is a short-term reference picture picX in the DPB   with PicOrderCntVal equal to (PicOrderCntVal + DeltaPoc[ CurrRPListIdx[j] ][ i ]) )  RefPics[ j ][ i ] = picX else  RefPics [ j ][ i ] = ″no reference picture″

The following applies for i in the range of 0 to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1 inclusive:

for( m = 0; m< NumPocLt [CurrRPListIdx[j] ]; m++ )  if( ! DeltaPocMsbPresentFlag[CurrRPListIdx[j] ][ m ] )   if( there is a reference picture picX in the DPB with slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb equal to DPocLt[CurrRPListIdx[j] ][ m ] )    RefPics[ j ][ NumDeltaPocs[ CurrRPListIdx[j] ]+m ] = picX   else    RefPics[ j ][ NumDeltaPocs[ CurrRPListIdx[j] ]+m ] = ″no reference picture″  else   if( there is a reference picture picX in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal equal to (DPocLt[CurrRPListIdx[j] ][ m ]-slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb+ PicOrderCntVal))    RefPics[ j ][ NumDeltaPocs[ CurrRPListIdx[j] ]+m ] = picX   else    RefPics[ j ][ NumDeltaPocs[ CurrRPListIdx[j] ]+m ] = ″no reference picture″

All reference pictures that are included in RefPics[j][k] for k in the range NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]] to NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]]+NumPocLt [CurrRPListIdx[j]]−1], inclusive, for j in the range of 0 to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1, inclusive, are marked as “used for long-term reference”.

All reference pictures in the DPB that are not included in RefPics[j] for j in the range of 0 to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1, inclusive, are marked as “unused for reference”.

Based on the syntax provided above in Table 8 and Tables 9A-9B, in one example, a process for generating unavailable pictures may be performed according to and/or based the following steps:

-   -   For each RefPics[j][i], with i in the range of 0 to         NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]], inclusive, for j in the range 0         to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1, inclusive, that is equal to “no         reference picture”, a picture is generated as specified in         “generation of one unavailable picture”, and the following         applies:         -   The value of PicOrderCntVal for the generated picture is set             equal to PicOrderCntVal+DeltaPoc[CurrRPListIdx[j]][i].         -   The generated picture is marked as “used for short-term             reference”.         -   RefPics[j][i], is set to be the generated reference picture.

In an example the above steps may be performed for j equal to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1 only

-   -   For each RefPics[j][i] for i in the range         NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]] to         NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]]+NumPocLt [CurrRPListIdx[j]]−1],         inclusive, for j in the range 0 to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1,         inclusive, that is equal to “no reference picture”, a picture is         generated as specified in “generation of one unavailable         picture”, and the following applies:         -   The value of PicOrderCntVal for the generated picture is set             equal to             (DPocLt[CurrRPListIdx[j]][i−NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]]−slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb+PicOrderCntVal)             if             DeltaPocMsbPresentFlag[CurrRPListIdx[j]][i−NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]]             is equal to 1 Or is set equal to             DPocLt[CurrRPListIdx[j]][i−NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]]             otherwise (when             DeltaPocMsbPresentFlag[CurrRPListIdx[j]][i−NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]]             is equal to 0)         -   The value of slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb for the generated             picture is inferred to be equal to ((PicOrderCntVal for the             generated picture) & (MaxPicOrderCntLsb−1)).         -   The generated picture is marked as “used for long-term             reference”.             -   RefPics[j][i] is set to be the generated reference                 picture.

In an example the above steps may be performed for j equal to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1 only

Based on the syntax provided above in Table 8 and Tables 9A-9B, in one example, constructing the reference picture lists RefPicList0 and, for B slices, RefPicList1 may be as performed based on the following:

The variable NumRpsCurrList0 is set equal to Max(num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1+1, NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[0]]+NumPocLt[CurrRPListIdx[0]]) and the list RefPicList0 is constructed as follows:

-   -   for(i=0, rIdx=0;         i<(NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[0]]]+NumPocLt[CurrRPListIdx[0]])         && rIdx<NumRpsCurrList0; rIdx++, i++)

RefPicList0[rIdx]=RefPics[0][i]

When the slice is a B slice, the variable NumRpsCurrList1 is set equal to Max(num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1+1, NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[0]]+NumPocLt[CurrRPListIdx[1]])) and the list RefPicList1 is constructed as follows: for(i=0, rIdx=0; i<(NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[1]]+NumPocLt[CurrRPListIdx[1]]) && rIdx<NumRpsCurrList1; rIdx++, i++)

RefPicList1[rIdx]=RefPics[1][i]

Table 10 illustrates another example of relevant syntax that may be included in an SPS and Table 11 illustrates an example of relevant syntax in slice segment header that may be used for signaling long-term reference picture lists directly according to the techniques herein. It should be noted that syntax included in Table 10 is not limited to being included in an SPS and syntax included in Table 11 is not limited to being included in a slice segment header. In the example illustrated with respect to Table 10 and Table 11, the long term reference picture related information is not included in the pic_list( ) but instead it is included in a separate long term ltrp_pic_list( ). It should be noted that when the long term reference picture related information is included in a separate ltrp_pic_list( ), pic_list( ) may be based on the example illustrated in Table 7.

TABLE 10 Descriptor seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) {  ...  long_term_ref_pics_present_flag u(1)  num_ref_pic_lists_minus1 ue(v)  for( i = 1; i < num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+1; i++)   pic_list( i )  if(long_term_ref_pics_present_flag) {  num_ltrp_ref_pic_lists_minus1 ue(v)  for( i = 0; i < num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+1; i++)   ltrp_pic_list( i )  }  rbsp_trailing_bits( ) }

TABLE 11 Descriptor slice_header( ) { ...    num_rpl_slice_header_minus1 u(2)    rpl_sps_flag u(1)    if( !rpl_sps_flag ) {     for( i = num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+1; i < num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+num_rpl_slice_header_minus1+2; i++)     pic_list(i)    }    else {     for( j = 0; j < num_rpl_slice_header_minus1+1; j++)     rpl_idx[j] u(v)   } if(long_term_ref_pics_present_flag) {    num_ltrp_rpl_slice_header_minus1 u(2)    ltrp_rpl_sps_flag u(1)    if( !ltrp_rpl_sps_flag ) {     for( i = num_ltrp_ref_pic_lists_minus1+1; i < num_ltrp_ref_pic_lists_minus1+num_ltrp_rpl_slice_header_minus1+2; i++)     ltrp_pic_list(i)    }    else {     for( j = 0; j < num_ltrp_rpl_slice_header_minus1+1; j++)     ltrp_rpl_idx[j] u(v)   } }  byte_alignment( ) }

In one example, the following definitions may be used for the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 10.

long_term_ref_pics_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that no long-term reference picture is used for inter prediction of any coded picture in the CVS. long_term_ref_pics_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that long-term reference pictures may be used for inter prediction of one or more coded pictures in the CVS. num_ref_pic_lists_minus1 specifies the number of pic_lists(i) syntax structures included in the SPS. The value of num_ref_pic_lists_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to 255, inclusive. pic_list(0) is inferred to be a null list of pictures. Thus pic_list(0) does not include any pictures.

A decoder should allocate memory for a total number of (num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+4) pic_list( )) syntax structures since there may be up to 3 pic_list( )syntax structure directly signalled in the slice headers of a current picture.

num_ltrp_ref_pic_lists_minus1 specifies the number of ltrp_pic_lists(i) syntax structures included in the SPS. The value of num_ltrp_ref_pic_lists_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to 255, inclusive. A decoder should allocate memory for a total number of (num_ltrp_ref_pic_lists_minus1+3) ltrp_pic_list( ) syntax structures since there may be up to 2 ltrp_pic_list( ) syntax structure directly signalled in the slice headers of a current picture.

In one example, the following definitions may be used for the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 11.

num_rpl_slice_header_minus1 specifies the number of pic_lists(i) syntax structures signaled directly in the slice header if rpl_sps_flag is equal to 0 or specifies the number of rpl_index[j] entries signaled in the slice header if rpl_sps_flag is equal to 1. The value of num_rpl_slice_header_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to 2, inclusive. The value 3 is reserved.

rpl_sps_flag equal to 1 specifies that the reference picture list(s) for the current picture are signaled based on pic_list( ) syntax structures in the active SPS as identified by the syntax element(s) rpl_idx[j] in the slice header. rpl_sps_flag equal to 0 specifies that the the reference picture list(s) for the current picture are signaled in the pic_list( ) syntax structure(s) that are directly signaled in the slice headers of the current picture.

rpl_idx[j] specifies the indices for reference picture list(s). rpl_idx[0] specifies an index for the reference picture list 0 for the current picture. If present, rpl_idx[1] specifies an index for the reference picture list 1 if current slice is a B slice and specifies an index for the list of pictures which include reference pictures for pictures following the current picture in the bitstream order, if the current slice is a P slice. If present,

rpl_idx[2] specifies an index for the list of pictures which include reference pictures for pictures following the current picture in the bitstream order.

The syntax element rpl_idx[j] for j in the range of 0 to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1 inclusive is represented by Ceil(Log 2(num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+1)) bits. The value of rpl_idx[j] shall be in the range of 0 to num_ref_pic_lists_minus1, inclusive. num_ltrp_rpl_slice_header_minus1 specifies the number of ltrp_pic_lists(i) syntax structures signaled directly in the slice header if ltrp_rpl_sps_flag is equal to 0 or specifies the number of ltrp_rpl_index[j] entries signaled in the slice header if ltrp_rpl_sps_flag is equal to 1. The value of num_hrp_rpl_slice_header_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to 1, inclusive. The value 2 and 3 are reserved.

In another example, only 1 bit (i.e. u(l)) may be used for num_ltrp_rpl_slice_header_minus1 and its semantics will be as follows:

num_ltrp_rpl_slice_header_minus1 specifies the number of ltrp_pic_lists(i) syntax structures signaled directly in the slice header if ltrp_rpl_sps_flag is equal to 0 or specifies the number of ltrp_rpl_index[j] entries signaled in the slice header if ltrp_rpl_sps_flag is equal to 1.

Itrp_rpl_sps_flag equal to 1 specifies that the long-term reference picture list(s) for the current picture are signaled based on ltrp_pic_list( )) syntax structures in the active SPS as identified by the syntax element(s) ltrp_rpl_idx[j] in the slice header. ltrp_rpl_sps_flag equal to 0 specifies that the the long-term reference picture list(s) for the current picture are signaled in the ltrp_pic_list( ) syntax structure(s) that are directly signaled in the slice headers of the current picture.

ltrp_rpl_idx[j] specifies the indices for long-term reference picture list(s). ltrp_rpl_idx[0] specifies an index for use in the construction of long-term reference picture list 0 and 1 for the current picture. If present, rpl_idx[1] specifies an index for the list of pictures which include long-term reference pictures for pictures following the current picture in the bitstream order.

The syntax element ltrp_rpl_idx[j] for j in the range of 0 to num_ltrp_rpl_slice_header_minus1 inclusive is represented by Ceil(Log 2(num_ltrp_ref_pic_lists_minus1+1)) bits. The value of ltrp_rpl_idx[j] shall be in the range of 0 to num_ltrp_ref_pic_lists_minus1, inclusive,

Table 12 illustrates another example of ltrp_pic_list syntax that may be used in conjunction with the example syntax illustrated in Table 10 and Table 11.

TABLE 12 Descriptor ltrp_pic_list( ltrpListIdx ) {  num_long_term_pics_minus1 ue(v)  for( j = 0; j < num_long_term_pics_minus1+1; j++ ) {   poc_lsb_lt[ j ] u(v)   delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ j ] u(1)   if( delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ j ] )    delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ j ] ue(v)  } }

In one example, the following definitions may be used for the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 12.

num_long_term_pics_minus1 plus 1 specifies the number of long-term reference picture entries in the picture list. The sum of NumNegativePics[listIdx], NumPositivePics[listIdx], (num_long_term_pics_minus1+1) shall be less than or equal to sps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1[sps_max_sub_layers_minus1].

poc_lsb_lt[j] specifies the value of the picture order count modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb of the j-th long-term reference picture in the list. The length of the poc_lsb_lt[i] syntax element is log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4 bits.

delta_poc_msb_present_flag[j] equal to 1 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[j] is present.

delta_poc_msb_present_flag[j] equal to 0 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[j] is not present. delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[j] is used to determine the value of the most significant bits of the picture order count value of the j-th long-term reference picture in the list. When delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[j] is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0.

The variable DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[j] is derived as follows:

if( j = = 0 )  DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ j ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ j ] else  DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ j ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ j ] + DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ j − 1 ]

When inv_list_flag is equal to 0, the variables NumNegativePics[listIdx], NumPositivePics[listIdx], NumPositivePics[listIdx], DeltaPoc[listIdx][i] are derived as follows:

NumNegativePics[listIdx]=neg_delta_entries

NumPositivePics[listIdx]=pos_delta_entries

NumDeltaPocs[listIdx]=NumNegativePics[listIdx]+NumPositivePics[listIdx]

-   -   If i is equal to 0, the following applies:

DeltaPoc[listIdx][i]=−(delta_entries_minus1[0]+1)

-   -   If i is >0 and less than neg_delta_entries, the following         applies:

DeltaPoc[listIdx][i]=DeltaPoc[listIdx][i−1]—(delta_entries_minus1[i]+1)

-   -   If i is equal to neg_delta_entries, the following applies:

DeltaPoc[listIdx][neg_delta_entries]=delta_entries_minus1[i]+1

-   -   If i is >neg_delta_entries, the following applies:

DeltaPoc[listIdx][i]=DeltaPoc[listIdx][i−1]+(delta_entries_minus1[i]+1)

When inv_list_flag is equal to 1, the variables NumNegativePics[listIdx], NumPositivePics[listIdx], NumDeltaPocs[listIdx], DeltaPoc[listIdx][i] are derived as follows:

NumNegativePics[listIdx]=NumPositivePics[listIdx−1]

NumPositivePics[listIdx]=NumNegativePics[listIdx−1]

NumDeltaPocs[listIdx]=NumDeltaPocs[listIdx−1]

-   -   For i in the range of 0 to NumDeltaPocs[listIdx], inclusive the         following applies:

DeltaPoc[listIdx][i]=—(DeltaPoc[listIdx−1][i])

If long_term_ref_pics_present_flag is equal to 0 then NumPocLt[ltrpListIdx] is set equal to 0 Otherwise: NumPocLt[ltrpListIdx]=num_long_term_pics_minus1+1

for( j = 0; j < num_long_term_pics_minus1+1; j++ ) {  DpocLt[ ltrpListIdx ][ j ] = poc_lsb_lt[ j ] - (delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ j ] ? DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ j ]*MaxPicOrderCntLsb : 0)   DeltaPocMsbPresentFlag[ ltrpListIdx ][ j ] = delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ j ] }

Based on the syntax provided above in Table 10, Table 11 and Table 12, in one example, a process for deriving reference picture lists (RPL)s may be performed according to and/or based the following steps. The steps may be executed in sequence shown below or in a different order.

The following applies:

The variable CurrRPListIdx[j] for j in the range of 0 to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1, inclusive, is derived as follows:

-   -   If rpl_sps_flag is equal to 1, CurrRPListIdx[j] is set equal to         rpl_idx[j].         -   Otherwise, CurrRPListIdx[j] is set equal to             rpl_idx[num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+j+1].

The following applies for j in the range of 0 to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1, inclusive,

for( i = 0; i < NumDeltaPocs[ CurrRPListIdx[j] ]; i++ )  if( there is a short-term reference picture picX in the DPB    with PicOrderCntVal equal to (PicOrderCntVal + DeltaPoc[ CurrRPListIdx[j] ][ i ]) )   RefPics[ j ][ i ] = picX  else   RefPics[ j ][ i ] = ″no reference picture″

The following applies for j in the range of 0 to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1, inclusive, for n in the range of 0 to num_ltrp_rpl_slice_header_minus1, inclusive:

The variable CurrLTRPRPListIdx[n] for n in the range of 0 to num_ltrp_rpl_slice_header_minus1, inclusive, is derived as follows:

-   -   If ltrp_rpl_sps_flag is equal to 1, CurrLTRPRPListIdx[n] is set         equal to ltrp_rpl_idx[n].         -   Otherwise, CurrLTRPRPListIdx[n] is set equal to             ltrp_rpl_idx[num_ltrp_ref_pic_lists_minus1+n+1].

for( m = 0; m< NumPocLt [CurrLTRPRPListIdx[n] ]; m++ )  if( ! DeltaPocMsbPresentFlag[CurrLTRPRPListIdx[n] ][ m ] )   if( there is a reference picture picX in the DPB with slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb equal to DPocLt[CurrLTRPRPListIdx[n] ][ m ] )    RefPics[ j ][ NumDeltaPocs[ CurrRPListIdx[j] ]+m ] = picX   else    RefPics[ j ][ NumDeltaPocs[ CurrRPListIdx[j] ]+m ] = ″no reference picture″  else   if( there is a reference picture picX in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal equal to (DPocLt[CurrLTRPRPListIdx [n] ][ m ]-slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb+ PicOrderCntVal))    RefPics[ j ][ NumDeltaPocs[ CurrRPListIdx[j] ]+m ] = picX   else    RefPics[ j ][ NumDeltaPocs[ CurrRPListIdx[j] ]+m ] = ″no reference picture″

In another example the above steps:

-   -   only apply for j in the range of 0 to 1 if current slice is a B         slice or for j in the range of 0 if current slice is a P slice         for n equal to 0, and     -   only apply for j equal to max(2, num_rpl_slice_header_minus1) if         current slice is a B slice or for j equal to max(1,         num_rpl_slice_header_minus1) if current slice is a P slice for n         equal to max(1, num_ltrp_rpl_slice_header_minus1), and

All reference pictures that are included in RefPics[j][k] for k in the range NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]] to NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]]+NumPocLt [CurrLTRPRPListIdx[n]]-1], inclusive, for j in the range of 0 to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1, inclusive, are marked as “used for long-term reference”.

All reference pictures in the DPB that are not included in RefPics[j] for j in the range of 0 to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1, inclusive, are marked as “unused for reference”.

Based on the syntax provided above in Table 10, Table 11 and Table 12, in one example, a process for generating unavailable pictures may be performed according to and/or based the following steps:

For each RefPics[j][i], with i in the range of 0 to NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]], inclusive, for j in the range 0 to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1, inclusive, that is equal to “no reference picture”, a picture is generated as specified in “generation of one unavailable picture”, and the following applies:

The value of PicOrderCntVal for the generated picture is set equal to PicOrderCntVal+DeltaPoc[CurrRPListIdx[j]][i].

The generated picture is marked as “used for short-term reference”.

RefPics[j][i], is set to be the generated reference picture.

In an example the above steps may be performed for j equal to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1 only.

For each RefPics[j][i] for i in the range NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]] to NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]]+NumPocLt [CurrLTRPRPListIdx[n]]−1], inclusive, for j in the range 0 to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1, inclusive, n in the range of 0 to num_ltrp_rpl_slice_header_minus1, that is equal to “no reference picture”, a picture is generated as specified in “generation of one unavailable picture”, and the following applies:

-   -   The value of PicOrderCntVal for the generated picture is set         equal to         (DPocLt[CurrLTRPRPListIdx[n]][i−NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]]]−slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb+PicOrderCntVal)         if         DeltaPocMsbPresentFlag[CurrLTRPRPListIdx[n]][NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]]]         is equal to 1 Or is set equal to         DPocLt[CurrLTRPRPListIdx[n]][i-NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]]]         otherwise (when DeltaPocMsbPresentFlag[CurrLTRPRPListIdx         [n]][NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]]] is equal to 0).     -   The value of slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb for the generated picture         is inferred to be equal to ((PicOrderCntVal for the generated         picture) & (MaxPicOrderCntLsb−1)).     -   The generated picture is marked as “used for long-term         reference”.     -   RefPics[j][i] is set to be the generated reference picture.

In an example the above steps may be performed for j equal to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1 only and for n equal to num_hrp_rpl_slice_header_minus1.

In an example the above steps may be performed for j equal to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1 only.

Based on the syntax provided above in in Table 10, Table 11 and Table 12, in one example, constructing the reference picture lists RefPicList0 and, for B slices, RefPicList1 may be as performed based on the following:

The variable NumRpsCurrList0 is set equal to Max(num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1+1, NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[0]]+NumPocLt[CurrLTRPRPListIdx[0]]) and the list RefPicList0 is constructed as follows:

-   -   for(i=0, rIdx=0;         i<(NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[0]]]+NumPocLt[CurrRPListIdx[0]])         && rIdx<NumRpsCurrList0; rIdx++, i++)

RefPicList0[rIdx]=RefPics[0][i]

When the slice is a B slice, the variable NumRpsCurrList1 is set equal to Max(num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1+1,

NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[0]]+NumPocLt[CurrLTRPRPListIdx[0]])) and the list RefPicList1 is constructed as follows:

-   -   for(i=0, rIdx=0;         i<(NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[1]]+NumPocLt[CurrLTRPRPListIdx[0]])         && rIdx<NumRpsCurrList1; rIdx++, i++)

RefPicList1[rIdx]=RefPics[1][i]

In one example, a long-term reference picture list may be directly signaled in a slice header. With respect to the example of SPS syntax illustrated in Table 8, Table 13 illustrates an example of relevant syntax in slice segment header that may be used for signaling long-term reference picture lists directly according to the techniques herein. Further, Table 14 provides an example of a long-term reference picture that may be included in a slice segment header. It should be noted that the example long-term reference picture list illustrated in Table 14 is arranged such that first few entries (indicated by a syntax element or variable) in the list signal Long-term reference picture (LTRP) information for the current picture and the remaining entries in the list signal LTRP information for pictures following the current picture in the bitstream order.

TABLE 13 Descriptor slice_header( ) { ...   num_rpl_slice_header_minus1 u(2)   rpl_sps_flag u(1)   if( !rpl_sps_flag ) {    for( i = num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+1; i < num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+num_rpl_slice_header_minus1+2; i++)     pic_list(i)    }   else {     for( j = 0; j < num_rpl_slice_header_minus1+1; j++)     rpl_idx[j] u(v)   } if(long_term_ref_pics_present_flag) {    ltrp_sl_list( ) }  byte_alignment( ) }

TABLE 14 Descriptor ltrp_sl_list( ) {  num_long_term_pics_minus1 ue(v)  num_currpic_long_term_pics ue(v)   for( j = 0; j < num_long_term_pics_minus1+1; j++ )   {   poc_lsb_lt[ j ] u(v)   delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ j ] u(1)   if( delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ j ] )    delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ j ] ue(v)   } }

In one example, the following definitions may be used for the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 13.

num_rpl_slice_header_minus1 specifies the number of pic_lists(i) syntax structures signaled directly in the slice header if rpl_sps_flag is equal to 0 or specifies the number of rpl_index[j] entries signaled in the slice header if rpl_sps_flag is equal to 1. The value of num_rpl_slice_header_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to 2, inclusive. The value 3 is reserved.

rpl_sps_flag equal to 1 specifies that the reference picture list(s) for the current picture are signaled based on pic_list( ) syntax structures in the active SPS as identified by the syntax element(s) rpl_idx[j] in the slice header. rpl_sps_flag equal to 0 specifies that the the reference picture list(s) for the current picture are signaled in the pic_list( ) syntax structure(s) that are directly signaled in the slice headers of the current picture.

rpl_idx[j] specifies the indices for reference picture list(s). rpl_idx[0] specifies an index for the reference picture list 0 for the current picture. If present, rpl_idx[1] specifies an index for the reference picture list 1 if current slice is a B slice and specifies an index for the list of pictures which include reference pictures for pictures following the current picture in the bitstream order, if the current slice is a P slice. If present,

rpl_idx[2] specifies an index for the list of pictures which include reference pictures for pictures following the current picture in the bitstream order.

The syntax element rpl_idx[j] for j in the range of 0 to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1 inclusive is represented by Ceil(Log 2(num_refpic_lists_minus1+1)) bits. The value of rpl_idx[j] shall be in the range of 0 to num_refpic_lists_minus1, inclusive.

In one example, the following definitions may be used for the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 14.

num_long_term_pics_minus1 plus 1 specifies the number of long-term reference picture entries in this ltrp_sl_list( ) list. This includes information for long-term reference picture for the current picture and for pictures following the current picture in the bitstream order.

num_currpic_long_term_pics specifies the number of long-term reference picture entries in in this ltrp_sl_list( ) list for the current picture.

Thus in the for loop in ltrp_sl_list( ) first num_currpic_long_term_pics entries correspond to long-term reference picture information for the current picture and subsequent entries correspond to long-term reference picture information for pictures following the current picture in the bitstream order. The sum of NumNegativePics[listIdx], NumPositivePics[listIdx], (num_long_term_pics_minus1+1) shall be less than or equal to sps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1 [sps_max_sub_layers_minus1].

poc_lsb_lt[j] specifies the value of the picture order count modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb of the j-th long-term reference picture. The length of the poc_lsb_lt[i] syntax element is log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4 bits.

delta_poc_msb_present_flag[j] equal to 1 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[j] is present. delta_poc_msb_present_flag[j] equal to 0 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[j] is not present.

delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[j] is used to determine the value of the most significant bits of the picture order count value of the j-th long-term reference picture. When delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[j] is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0.

The variable DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[j] is derived as follows:

if( j = = 0 )  DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ j ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ j ] else  DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ j ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ j ] + DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ j − 1 ]

When inv_list_flag is equal to 0, the variables NumNegativePics[listIdx], NumPositivePics[listIdx], NumPositivePics[listIdx], DeltaPoc[listIdx][i] are derived as follows:

NumNegativePics[listIdx]=neg_delta_entries

NumPositivePics[listIdx]=pos_delta_entries

NumDeltaPocs[listIdx]=NumNegativePics[listIdx]+NumPositivePics[listIdx]

-   -   If is equal to 0, the following applies:

DeltaPoc[listIdx][i]=−(delta_entries_minus1[0]+1)

-   -   If i is >0 and less than neg_delta_entries, the following         applies:

DeltaPoc[listIdx][i]=DeltaPoc[listIdx][i−1]—(delta_entries_minus1[i]+1)

— If i is equal to neg_delta_entries, the following applies:

DeltaPoc[listIdx][neg_delta_entries]=delta_entries_minus1[i]+1

-   -   If i is >neg_delta_entries, the following applies:

DeltaPoc[listIdx][i]=DeltaPoc[listIdx][i−1]+(delta_entries_minus1[i]+1)

When inv_list_flag is equal to 1, the variables NumNegativePics[listIdx], NumPositivePics[listIdx], NumDeltaPocs[listIdx], DeltaPoc[listIdx][i] are derived as follows:

NumNegativePics[listIdx]=NumPositivePics[listIdx−1]

NumPositivePics[listIdx]=NumNegativePics[listIdx−1]

NumDeltaPocs[listIdx]=NumDeltaPocs[listIdx−1]

-   -   For i in the range of 0 to NumDeltaPocs[listIdx], inclusive the         following applies:

DeltaPoc[listIdx][i]=—(DeltaPoc[listIdx−1][i])

If long_term_ref_pics_present_flag is equal to 0 NumPocLt is set equal to 0

Otherwise::NumPocLt=num_long_term_pics_minus1+1;

NumPocLtCurr=num_currpic_long_term_pics;

NumPocLtFoll=num_long_term_pics_minus1+1−NumPocLtCurr;

for( j = 0; j < num_long_term_pics_minus1+1; j++ ) {  DpocLt[ j ] = poc_lsb_lt[ j ] - (delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ j ] ? DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ j ]*MaxPicOrderCntLsb : 0)  DeltaPocMsbPresentFlag[ j ] = delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ j ] }

Based on the syntax provided above in Table 13 and Table 14, in one example, a process for deriving reference picture lists (RPL)s may be performed according to and/or based the following steps. The steps may be executed in sequence shown below or in a different order.

The following applies:

The variable CurrRPListIdx[j] for j in the range of 0 to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1, inclusive, is derived as follows:

-   -   If rpl_sps_flag is equal to 1, CurrRPListIdx[j] is set equal to         rpl_idx[j].         -   Otherwise, CurrRPListIdx[j] is set equal to             rpl_idx[num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+j+1].

The following applies for j in the range of 0 to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1, inclusive,

for( i = 0; i < NumDeltaPocs[ CurrRPListIdx[j] ]; i++ )  if( there is a short-term reference picture picX in the DPB    with PicOrderCntVal equal to (PicOrderCntVal + DeltaPoc[ CurrRPListIdx[j] ][ i ]) )   RefPics[ j ][ i ] = picX  else   RefPics[ j ][ i ] = ″no reference picture″ for j in the range of in the range of 0 to 1 if current slice is a B slice or for j in the range of 0 if current slice is a P slice:

 for( m = 0; m< NumPocLtCurr; m++)  if( ! DeltaPocMsbPresentFlag[ m ] )   if( there is a reference picture picX in the DPB with slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb equal to DPocLt[ m ] )   RefPics[ j ][ NumDeltaPocs[ CurrRPListIdx[j] ]+m ] = picX   else   RefPics[ j ][ NumDeltaPocs[ CurrRPListIdx[j] ]+m ] = “no reference picture”  else   if( there is a reference picture picX in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal equal to (DPocLt [ m ]-slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb+ PicOrderCntVal))   RefPics[ j ][ NumDeltaPocs[ CurrRPListIdx[j] ]+m ] = picX   else   RefPics[ j ][ NumDeltaPocs[ CurrRPListIdx[j] ]+m ] = “no reference   picture”

And for j equal to max(2, num_rpl_slice_header_minus1) if current slice is a B slice or for j equal to max(1, num_rpl_slice_header_minus1) if current slice is a P slice:

 for( m = NumPocLtCurr; m< NumPocLt; m++ )  if( ! DeltaPocMsbPresentFlag[ m ] )   if( there is a reference picture picX in the DPB with slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb equal to DPocLt[ m ] )   RefPics[ j ][ NumDeltaPocs[   CurrRPListIdx[j] ]+m-NumPocLtCurr ] = picX   else   RefPics[ j ][ NumDeltaPocs[ “CurrRPListIdx[j] ]+m-NumPocLtCurr ] = no reference picture”  else   if( there is a reference picture picX in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal equal to (DPocLt [ m ]-slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb+ PicOrderCntVal))   RefPics[ j ][ NumDeltaPocs[   CurrRPListIdx[j] ]+m-NumPocLtCurr ] = picX   else   RefPics[ j ][ NumDeltaPocs[   CurrRPListIdx[j] ]+m-NumPocLtCurr ] = “no reference picture”

All reference pictures that are included in RefPics[j][k] for k in the range NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]] to NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]]+NumPocLtCurr−1], inclusive, for j in the range of in the range of 0 to 1 if current slice is a B slice or for j in the range of 0 if current slice is a P slice and for k in the range NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]] to NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]]+NumPocLt−NumPocLtCurr−1], inclusive, for j equal to max(2, num_rpl_slice_header_minus1) if current slice is a B slice or for j equal to max(1, num_rpl_slice_header_minus1) if current slice is a P slice are marked as “used for long-term reference”. All reference pictures in the DPB that are not included in RefPics[j] for j in the range of 0 to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1, inclusive, are marked as “unused for reference”.

Based on the syntax provided above in Table 13 and Table 14, in one example, a process for generating unavailable pictures may be performed according to and/or based the following steps:

For each RefPics[j][i], with i in the range of 0 to NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]], inclusive, for j in the range 0 to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1, inclusive, that is equal to “no reference picture”, a picture is generated as specified in “generation of one unavailable picture”, and the following applies:

The value of PicOrderCntVal for the generated picture is set equal to PicOrderCntVal+DeltaPoc[CurrRPListIdx[j]][i].

The generated picture is marked as “used for short-term reference”.

RefPics[j][i], is set to be the generated reference picture.

In an example the above steps may be performed for j equal to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1 only

For each RefPics[j][i] for i in the range NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]] to NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]]+NumPocLtCurr]−1], inclusive, for j in the range of in the range of 0 to 1 if current slice is a B slice or for j in the range of 0 if current slice is a P slice, that is equal to “no reference picture”, a picture is generated as specified in “generation of one unavailable picture”, and the following applies:

-   -   The value of PicOrderCntVal for the generated picture is set         equal to         (DPocLt[i−NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]]−slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb+PicOrderCntVal)         if DeltaPocMsbPresentFlag [i−NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]] is         equal to 1 Or is set equal to         DPocLt[NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]] otherwise (when         DeltaPocMsbPresentFlag [i−NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]] is         equal to 0).     -   The value of slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb for the generated picture         is inferred to be equal to ((PicOrderCntVal for the generated         picture) & (MaxPicOrderCntLsb−1)).     -   The generated picture is marked as “used for long-term         reference”.     -   RefPics[j][i] is set to be the generated reference picture.

In an example the above steps may be performed for j equal to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1 only.

For each RefPics[j][i] for i in the range NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]] to NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]]+NumPocLt−NumPocLtCurr]−1], inclusive, for equal to max(2, num_rpl_slice_header_minus1) if current slice is a B slice or for j equal to max(1, num_rpl_slice_header_minus1) if current slice is a P slice, that is equal to “no reference picture”, a picture is generated as specified in “generation of one unavailable picture”, and the following applies:

-   -   The value of PicOrderCntVal for the generated picture is set         equal to         (DPocLt[i−NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]]−slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb+PicOrderCntVal)         if DeltaPocMsbPresentFlag [i−NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]] is         equal to 1 Or is set equal to         DPocLt[i−NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]] otherwise (when         DeltaPocMsbPresentFlag [i−NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[j]] is         equal to 0).     -   The value of slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb for the generated picture         is inferred to be equal to ((PicOrderCntVal for the generated         picture) & (MaxPicOrderCntLsb−1)).     -   The generated picture is marked as “used for long-term         reference”.     -   RefPics[j][i] is set to be the generated reference picture.

In an example the above steps may be performed for j equal to num_rpl_slice_header_minus1 only.

Based on the syntax provided above in Table 13 and Table 14, in one example, constructing the reference picture lists RefPicList0 and, for B slices, RefPicList1 may be as performed based on the following: The variable NumRpsCurrList0 is set equal to Max(num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1+1, NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[0]]+NumPocLtCurr) and the list RefPicList0 is constructed as follows:

-   -   for(i=0, rIdx=0; i<(NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[0]]         1+NumPocLtCurr) && rIdx<NumRpsCurrList0; rIdx++, i++)

RefPicList0[rIdx]=RefPics[0][i]

When the slice is a B slice, the variable NumRpsCurrList1 is set equal to Max(num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1+1, NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[0]]+NumPocLtCurr)) and the list RefPicList1 is constructed as follows:

-   -   for(i=0, rIdx=0; i<(NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[1]]+NumPocLtCurr)         && rIdx<NumRpsCurrList1; rIdx++, i++)

RefPicList1[rIdx]=RefPics[1][i]

In one example, the long-term reference picture may be inserted in the reference picture list 0 and/or reference picture list 1 according to their PicOrderCntVal value distance compared to the PicOrderCntVal of the current picture.

It should be noted that with respect to the example illustrated in Tables 8-14, processes the generation of one unavailable picture and reference picture list selection may be similar to that described above with respect Tables 4-7.

As described above, a process for reference picture lists construction of RefPicList0 and RefPicList1 includes determining respective values for NumRpsCurrList0 and NumRpsCurrList1. As provided above, values for NumRpsCurrList0 and NumRpsCurrList1 are determined based on respective values of num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 and num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1. In JVET-Kl 001 values of num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 and num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 may be determined based on the following syntax elements included in the picture parameter set (PPS).

num_ref_idx_l0_default_active_minus1 specifies the inferred value of num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 for P and B slices with num_ref_idx_active_override_flag equal to 0. The value of num_ref_idx_l0_default_active_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to 14, inclusive.

num_ref_idx_l1_default_active_minus1 specifies the inferred value of num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 with num_ref_idx_active_override_flag equal to 0. The value of num_ref_idx_l1_default_active_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to 14, inclusive.

and the following syntax elements provided in the slice header:

num_ref_idx_active_override_flag equal to 1 specifies that the syntax element num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 is present for P and B slices and that the syntax element num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 is present for B slices. num_ref_idx_active_override_flag equal to 0 specifies that the syntax elements num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 and num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 are not present.

num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 specifies the maximum reference index for reference picture list 0 that may be used to decode the slice. num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to 14, inclusive. When the current slice is a P or B slice and num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 is not present, num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 is inferred to be equal to num_ref_idx_l0_default_active_minus1.

num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 specifies the maximum reference index for reference picture list 1 that may be used to decode the slice. num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to 14, inclusive. When num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 is not present, num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 is inferred to be equal to num_ref_idx_l1_default_active_minus1.

According to the techniques herein, num_ref_idx_l0_default_active_minus1, and num_ref_idx_l1_default_active_minus1 may be removed from the PPS in JVET-K1001, and variations of the PPS including num_ref_idx_l0_default_active_minus1, and num_ref_idx_l1_default_active_minus1. num_ref_idx_active_override_flag, num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1, and num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 may be removed from the slice header in JVET-K1001, and variations of the slice header including num_ref_idx_active_override_flag, num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1, and num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1. That is, according to the techniques herein values of num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1, and num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 are derived instead of being signaled directly. Further, techniques for deriving values corresponding to num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 and num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 according to techniques herein are described below. It should be noted that the conventions in ITU-T H.265 and JVET-Kl 001 provide where signaled values in calculations include underscores and derived values, which are called variables, do not include underscores. Thus, in the equations below NumRefIdxL0ActiveMinus is a derived variable, the value of which corresponds to the previously signalled value of num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 and NumRefIdxL1ActiveMinus is a derived variable, the value of which corresponds to the previously signalled value num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1. It should be noted that when the techniques described herein are used to modify JVET-K1001 instances of num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 and num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 in JVET-K1001 are replaced with respective instances of NumRefIdxL0ActiveMinus and NumRefIdxL1ActiveMinus. For the sake of brevity, each respective replacement of num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 and num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 with NumRefIdxL0ActiveMinus and NumRefIdxL1ActiveMinus is not described in detail herein.

In one example, according to the techniques herein, NumRefIdxL0ActiveMinus and NumRefIdxL1ActiveMinus may be derived as follows: If current slice is a P or B slice:

NumRefIdxL0ActiveMinus=(rpl_sps_flag?NumDeltaPocs[rpl_idx[0]]: NumDeltaPocs[num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+1])−1

If current slice is a B slice:

NumRefIdxLlActiveMinus=(rpl_sps_flag?NumDeltaPocs[rpl_idx[1]]: NumDeltaPocs[num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+2])−1

Further, in one example, according to the techniques herein, num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 and num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 may be derived as follows:

If current slice is a P or B slice:

NumRefIdxL0ActiveMinus=(rpl_sps_flag? (NumDeltaPocs[rpl_idx[0]]+NumPocLt[rpl_idx[0]]: (NumDeltaPocs[num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+1]+NumPocLt[num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+1]))−1

If current slice is a B slice:

NumRefIdxLlActiveMinus=(rpl_sps_flag? (NumDeltaPocs[rpl_idx[1]]+NumPocLt[rpl_idx[0]]):NumDeltaPocs[num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+2]+NumPocLt[num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+2])−1

It should be noted that in one example, in the equations above, the step of subtracting 1 to derive NumRefIdxL0ActiveMinus and NumRefIdxL1ActiveMinus may be omitted.

Additionally, in this case the reference picture list 0 and reference picture list 1 creation process will be modified as follows:

-   -   The list RefPicList0 is constructed as follows:     -   for(i=0; i<(NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[0]]         1+NumPocLt[CurrRPListIdx[0]]); i++)

RefPicList0[rIdx]=RefPics[0][i]

-   -   When the slice is a B slice, the list RefPicList1 is constructed         as follows:     -   for(i=0;         i<(NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[1]]+NumPocLt[CurrRPListIdx[1]]);         i++)

RefPicList1[rIdx]=RefPics[1][i]

In another example, additionally, in this case the reference picture list 0 and reference picture list 1 creation process will be modified as follows:

The list RefPicList0 is constructed as follows:

-   -   for(i=0; i<NumDeltaPocs[CunRPListIdx[0]]; i++)

RefPicList0[rIdx]=RefPics[0][i]

When the slice is a B slice, the list RefPicList1 is constructed as follows:

-   -   for(i=0; i<NumDeltaPocs[CurrRPListIdx[1]]; i++)

RefPicList1[rIdx]=RefPics[1][i]

“On reference picture management for VVC,” 12th Meeting of ISO/IEC

JTC1/SC29/WG11 3-12 Oct. 2018, Macao, CN, document JVET-L0112-v3, which is referred to herein as JVET-L0112, describes a reference picture management approach based on direct signaling and derivation of reference picture lists 0 and 1. In particular, Table 15 illustrates the relevant syntax included in the SPS for the reference picture management approach described in JVET-L0112, Table 16 illustrates the relevant syntax included in the PPS for the reference picture management approach described in JVET-L0112, and Table 17 illustrates the relevant syntax included in the slice header for the reference picture management approach described in JVET-L0112.

TABLE 15 Descriptor seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) { ...  long_term_ref_pics_flag u(1)  if( long_term_ref_pics_flag )  additional_lt_poc_lsb ue(v)  rpl1_same_as_rpl0_flag u(1)  for( i = 0; i < !rpl1_same_as_rpl0_flag ? 2 : 1; i++ ) {  num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] ue(v)  for( j = 0; i < num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ]; j++)   ref_pic_list_struct( i, j, long_term_ref_pics_flag )  } ... }

TABLE 16 Descriptor pic_parameter_set_rbsp( ) { ...  for( i = 0; i < 2; i++)  num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[ i ] ue(v)  rpl1_idx_present_flag u(1) ...  rbsp_trailing_bits( ) }

TABLE 17 Descriptor slice_header( ) { ...  if( nal_unit_type != IRAP_NUT ) {  slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb u(v)  for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {   if( i = = 0 | | ( i = = 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) )   ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] u(1)   if( ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] ) {   if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 1 )    if( i = = 0 | | ( i = = 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) )    ref_pic_list_idx[ i ] u(v)   } else   ref_pic_list_struct( i, num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ], long_term_ref_pics_flag )  }  if( slice_type = = P | | slice_type = = B ) {   num_ref_idx_active_override_flag u(1)   if( num_ref_idx_active_override_flag )   for( i = 0; i < ( slice_type = = B ? 2: 1 ); i++ )    num_ref_idx_active_minus1[ i ] ue(v)  }  }  ... }

JVET-L0112 provides the following definitions for the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 15: long_term_ref_pics_flag equal to 0 specifies that no LTRP is used for inter prediction of any coded picture in the CVS. long_term_ref_pics_flag equal to 1 specifies that LTRPs may be used for inter prediction of one or more coded pictures in the CVS. additional_lt_poc_lsb specifies the value of the variable MaxLtPicOrderCntLsb that is used in the decoding process for reference picture lists as follows:

MaxLtPicOrderCntLsb=2^((log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4+additional_lt_poc_isb))

The value of additional_lt_poc_lsb shall be in the range of 0 to 32—log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4−4, inclusive.

When not present, the value of additional_lt_poc_lsb is inferred to be equal to 0.

rpl1_same_as_rpl0_flag equal to 1 specifies that the syntax structures num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[1] and ref_pic_list_struct(1, rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) are not present and the following applies:

-   -   The value of num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[1] is inferred to be equal         to the value of num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[0].     -   The value of each of syntax elements in ref_pic_list_struct(1,         rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) is inferred to be equal to the value of         corresponding syntax element in ref_pic_list_struct(0, rplsIdx,         ltrpFlag) for rplsIdx ranging from 0 to         num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[0]−1.

num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[i] specifies the number of the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) syntax structures With listIdx equal to i included in the SPS. The value of num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[i] shall be in the range of 0 to 64, inclusive.

-   -   NOTE 2—For each value of listIdx (equal to 0 or 1), a decoder         should allocate memory for a total number of         num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[i]+1 ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx,         rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) syntax structures since there may be one         ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) syntax structure         directly signalled in the slice headers of a current picture.

JVET-L0112 provides the following definitions for the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 16: num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[i] plus 1, when i is equal to 0, specifies the inferred value of the variable NumRefIdxActive[0] for P or B slices with num_ref_idx_active_override_flag equal to 0, and, when i is equal to 1, specifies the inferred value of NumRefIdxActive[1] for B slices with num_ref_idx_active_override_flag equal to 0. The value of num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[i] shall be in the range of 0 to 14, inclusive.

rpl1_idx_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that ref_pic_list_sps_flag[1] and ref_pic_list_idx[1] are not present in slice headers. rpl1_idx_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that ref_pic_list_sps_flag[1] and ref_pic_list_idx[1] may be present in slice headers.

JVET-L0112 provides the following definitions for the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 17:

slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb specifies the picture order count modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb for the current picture. The length of the slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb syntax element is log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4 bits. The value of the slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb shall be in the range of 0 to MaxPicOrderCntLsb−1, inclusive. When slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb is not present, slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb is inferred to be equal to 0.

ref_pic_list_sps_flag[i] equal to 1 specifies that reference picture list i of the current picture is derived based on one of the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) syntax structures with listIdx equal to i in the active SPS. ref_pic_list_sps_flag[i] equal to 0 specifies that reference picture list i of the current picture is derived based on the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) syntax structure with listIdx equal to i that is directly included in the slice headers of the current picture. When num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[i] is equal to 0, the value of ref_pic_list_sps_flag[i] shall be equal to 0. When rpl_idx_present_flag is equal to 0 and ref_pic_list_sps_flag[0] is present, the value of ref_pic_list_sps_flag[1] is inferred to be equal to ref_pic_list_sps_flag[0].

ref_pic_list_idx[i] specifies the index, into the list of the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) syntax structures with listIdx equal to i included in the active SPS, of the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) syntax structure with listIdx equal to i that is used for derivation of reference picture list i of the current picture. The syntax element ref_pic_list_idx[i] is represented by Ceil(Log 2(num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[i])) bits. When not present, the value of ref_pic_list_idx[i] is inferred to be equal to 0. The value of ref_pic_list_idx[i] shall be in the range of 0 to num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[i]−1, inclusive. When rpl_idx_present_flag is equal to 0 and ref_pic_list_sps_flag[0] is present, the value of ref_pic_list_idx[1] is inferred to be equal to ref_pic_list_idx[0]. num_ref_idx_active_override_flag equal to 1 specifies that the syntax element num_ref_idx_active_minus1[0] is present for P and B slices and that the syntax element num_ref_idx_active_minus1[1] is present for B slices. num_ref_idx_active_override_flag equal to 0 specifies that the syntax elements num_ref_idx_active_minus1[0] and num_ref_idx_active_minus1[1] are not present.

num_ref_idx_active_minus1[i], when present, specifies the value of the variable NumRefIdxActive[i] as follows:

NumRefIdxActive[i]=num_ref_idx_active_minus1[i]+1

-   -   The value of num_ref_idx_active_minus1[i] shall be in the range         of 0 to 14, inclusive.

The value of NumRefIdxActive[i]−1 specifies the maximum reference index for reference picture list i that may be used to decode the slice. When the value of NumRefIdxActive[i] is equal to 0, no reference index for reference picture list i may be used to decode the slice.

For i equal to 0 or 1, when the current slice is a B slice and num_ref_idx_active_override_flag is equal to 0, NumRefIdxActive[i] is inferred to be equal to num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[i]+1.

When the current slice is a P slice and num_ref_idx_active_override_flag is equal to 0, NumRefIdxActive[0] is inferred to be equal to num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[0]+1.

When the current slice is a P slice, NumRefIdxActive[1] is inferred to be equal to 0.

When the current slice is an I slice, both NumRefIdxActive[0] and NumRefIdxActive[1] are inferred to be equal to 0.

In one example, according to the techniques herein, the slice header in JVET-L0112 may be modified to such that when the syntax elements corresponding to the number of active reference pictures are needed to be signaled, they are only signaled when the corresponding reference picture list includes more than one entry. In this case, when not signaled the number of active reference pictures for reference picture list 0 and/or reference picture list 1 are inferred. This provides bit savings.

In particular, Table 18 illustrates an example of the relevant syntax included in the slice header according to the techniques herein.

TABLE 18 Descriptor slice_header( ) { ...  if( nal_unit_type != IRAP_NUT ) {  slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb u(v)  for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {   if( i = = 0 | | ( i = = 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) )   ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] u(1)   if( ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] ) {   if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 1 )    if( i = = 0 | | ( i = = 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) )    ref_pic_list_idx[ i ] u(v)   } else   ref_pic_list_struct( i, num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ], long_term_ref_pics_flag )  }  if( slice_type = = P | | slice_type = = B ) {   num_ref_idx_active_override_flag u(1)   if( num_ref_idx_active_override_flag )   for( i = 0; i < ( slice_type = = B ? 2: 1 ); i++ )    if( ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] )     currRplsIdx[ i ] = ref_pic_list_idx[ i ]    else     currRplsIdx[ i ] = num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ]    if(NumEntriesInList[ i ][ currRplsIdx[i] ]>1)      num_ref_idx_active_minus1[ i ] ue(v)  }  }  ... }

With respect to the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 18, the definitions may be based on the definitions provided above. With respect to the syntax element num_ref_idx_active_minus1 the definition may be based on the following:

num_ref_idx_active_minus1[i], when present, specifies the value of the variable NumRefIdxActive[i] as follows:

NumRefIdxActive[i]=num_ref_idx_active_minus1[i]+1

The value of num_ref_idx_active_minus1[i] shall be in the range of 0 to 14, inclusive.

The value of NumRefIdxActive[i]−1 specifies the maximum reference index for reference picture list i that may be used to decode the slice. When the value of NumRefIdxActive[i] is equal to 0, no reference index for reference picture list i may be used to decode the slice.

For i equal to 0 or 1, when the current slice is a B slice and num_ref_idx_active_override_flag is equal to 0, NumRefIdxActive[i] is inferred to be equal to num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[i]+1. When the current slice is a P slice and num_ref_idx_active_override_flag is equal to 0, NumRefIdxActive[0] is inferred to be equal to num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[0]+1.

For i equal to 0 or 1, when the current slice is a B slice and num_ref_idx_active_override_flag is equal to 1, and num_ref_idx_active_minus1[i] is not present, num_ref_idx_active_minus1[i] is inferred to be equal to 0. In another example a different value may be inferred for num_ref_idx_active_minus1[i] for i equal to 0 and 1 in this case.

When the current slice is a P slice and num_ref_idx_active_override_flag is equal to 1, num_ref_idx_active_minus1[0] is not present, num_ref_idx_active_minus1[0] is inferred to be equal to 0.

In another example, a different value may be inferred for num_ref_idx_active_minus1[0] in this case.

When the current slice is a P slice, NumRefIdxActive[1] is inferred to be equal to 0.

When the current slice is an I slice, both NumRefIdxActive[0] and NumRefIdxActive[1] are inferred to be equal to 0.

Further, in one example, according to the techniques herein, in Tables 17 num_ref_idx_active_minus1[i] may be instead be signaled as num_ref_idx_active[i], to allow a reference picture list to have no active reference pictures for a current picture. This may be the case when that reference picture list only includes pictures which are reference pictures for future pictures in the bitstream. Another case where a reference picture list may be empty may be when num_strp_entries[listIdx][rplsIdx] and num_ltrp_entries[listIdx][rplsIdx] are signaled in ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) such that the value of NumEntriesInList[listIdx][rplsIdx] shall be in the range of 0 to sps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1. In one example, num_ref_idx_active[i] may be based on the following definition:

num_ref_idx_active[i], when present, specifies the value of the variable NumRefIdxActive[i] as follows:

NumRefIdxActive[i]=num_ref_idx_active[i]

The value of num_ref_idx_active[i] shall be in the range of 0 to 15, inclusive.

When num_ref_idx_active[i] is greater than 0, the value of NumRefIdxActive[i] specifies the maximum reference index for reference picture list i that may be used to decode the slice. When the value of NumRefIdxActive[i] is equal to 0, no reference index for reference picture list i may be used to decode the slice.

For i equal to 0 or 1, when the current slice is a B slice and num_ref_idx_active_override_flag is equal to 0, NumRefIdxActive[i] is inferred to be equal to num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[i]+1.

When the current slice is a P slice and num_ref_idx_active_override_flag is equal to 0, NumRefIdxActive[0] is inferred to be equal to num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[0]+1.

When the current slice is a P slice, NumRefIdxActive[1] is inferred to be equal to 0.

When the current slice is an I slice, both NumRefIdxActive[0] and NumRefIdxActive[1] are inferred to be equal to 0.

Further, in one example, according to the techniques herein, in Table 18 may be modified and signaled as in Table 18A. In this case, num_ref_idx_active_minus1[i] may be instead be signaled as num_ref_idx_active[i] to allow a reference picture list to have no active reference pictures for a current picture. This may be the case when that reference picture list only includes pictures which are reference pictures for future pictures in the bitstream. Another case where a reference picture list may be empty may be when num_strp_entries[listIdx][rplsIdx] and num_ltrp_entries[listIdx][rplsIdx] are signaled in ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) such that the value of NumEntriesInList[listIdx][rplsIdx] shall be in the range of 0 to sps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1. In one example, num_ref_idx_active[i] may be based on the following definition. Additionally, in this case when the syntax elements corresponding to the number of active reference pictures are needed to be signaled, they are only signaled when the corresponding reference picture list is not empty. In this case, when not signaled the number of active reference pictures for reference picture list 0 and/or reference picture list 1 are inferred. This provides bit savings.

TABLE 18A Descriptor slice_header( ) {  slice_pic_parameter_set_id ue(v)  slice_address u(v)  slice_type ue(v)  if( nal_unit_type != IRAP_NUT ) {  slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb u(v)  for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {   if( i = = 0 | | ( i = = 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) )   ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] u(1)   if( ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] ) {   if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 1 )    if( i = = 0 | | ( i = = 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) )    ref_pic_list_idx[ i ] u(v)   } else   ref_pic_list_struct( i, num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ], long_term_ref_pics_flag )  }  if( slice_type = = P | | slice_type = = B ) {   num_ref_idx_active_override_flag u(1)   if( num_ref_idx_active_override_flag )   for( i = 0; i < ( slice_type = = B ? 2: 1 ); i++ ) {    if( ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] )     currRplsIdx[ i ] = ref_pic_list_idx[ i ]    else     currRplsIdx[ i ] = num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ]    if(NumEntriesInList[ i ][ currRplsIdx[i] ]>0)     num_ref_idx_active [ i ] ue(v)   }  }  } ... }

In this case the semantics may be as follows:

num_ref_idx_active[i], when present, specifies the value of the variable NumRefIdxActive[i] as follows:

NumRefIdxActive[i]=num_ref_idx_active[i]

-   -   The value of num_ref_idx_active[i] shall be in the range of 0 to         15, inclusive.

When num_ref_idx_active[i] is greater than 0, the value of NumRefIdxActive[i] specifies the maximum reference index for reference picture list i that may be used to decode the slice. When the value of NumRefIdxActive[i] is equal to 0, no reference index for reference picture list i may be used to decode the slice.

For i equal to 0 or 1, when the current slice is a B slice and num_ref_idx_active_override_flag is equal to 0, NumRefIdxActive[i] is inferred to be equal to num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[i]+1.

When the current slice is a P slice and num_ref_idx_active_override_flag is equal to 0, NumRefIdxActive[0] is inferred to be equal to num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[0]+1.

For i equal to 0 or 1, when the current slice is a B slice and num_ref_idx_active_override_flag is equal to 1, and num_ref_idx_active[i] is not present, num_ref_idx_active[i] is inferred to be equal to 0.

When the current slice is a P slice and num_ref_idx_active_override_flag is equal to 1, num_ref_idx_active[0] is not present, num_ref_idx_active[0] is inferred to be equal to 0.

When the current slice is a P slice, NumRefIdxActive[1] is inferred to be equal to 0.

When the current slice is an I slice, both NumRefIdxActive[0] and NumRefIdxActive[1] are inferred to be equal to 0.

In another example, the constraint on NumEntriesInList[listIdx][rplsIdx]=num_strp_entries[listIdx][rplsIdx]+num_ltrp_entries[listIdx][rplsIdx] may be modified as follows: The value of NumEntriesInList[listIdx][rplsIdx] shall be in the range of 01 to sps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1, inclusive.

-   -   With respect to the examples illustrated in Tables 18 and 18A,         it should be noted that in one example the condition         “if(NumEntriesInList[i][currRplsIdx[i]]>0)” NumEntriesInList[i]         may be replaced with num_ref_entries[i], where         num_ref_entries[i][rplsIdx] is defined in Table 26 and the         associated semantics below that table.

Further, in one example, with respect to the examples illustrated in Tables 18 and 18A the following syntax.

 if( slice_type = = P | | slice_type = = B ) {  num_ref_idx_active_override_flag u(1)  if( num_ref_idx_active_override_flag )   for( i = 0; i < ( slice_type = = B ? 2: 1 ); i++ )   if( ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] )    currRplsIdx[ i ] = ref_pic_list_idx[ i ]   else    currRplsIdx[ i ] = num_ref_pic_lists_in sps[ i ]    if(NumEntriesInList[ i ][ currRplsIdx[i] ]>1)     num_ref_idx_active_minus1[ i ] ue(v)  } } may be modified as follows:

 if( slice_type = = P | | slice_type = = B ) {   num_ref_idx_active_override_flag u(1)   if( num_ref_idx_active_override_flag )   for( i = 0; i < ( slice_type = = B ? 2: 1 ); i++ ) {  currRplsIdx[ i ] = (ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ]?  ref_pic_list_idx[ i ] : num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ])    if(num_ref_entries[ i ][ currRplsIdx[i] ]>1)    num_ref_idx_active_minus1[ i ] ue(v)   }  }  } or as follows:

 if( slice_type = = P | | slice_type = = B ) {   num_ref_idx_active_override_flag u(1)   if( num_ref_idx_active_override_flag )   for( i = 0; i < ( slice_type = = B ? 2: 1 ); i++ )    if(num_ref_entries[ i ][ (ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ]?    ref_pic_list_idx[ i ] : num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ]) ]>1)    num_ref_idx_active_minus1[ i ] ue(v)  }  }

Referring to Table 5 above, in one example, according to the techniques herein, in one example, the active override syntax may be included in the slice header according to the example illustrated in Table 19.

TABLE 19 Descriptor slice_header( ) {  ...   num_rpl_slice_header_minus1 u(2)   rpl_sps_flag u(1)   if( !rpl_sps_flag ) {   for( i = num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+1; i < num_ref_pic_lists_minus1+num_rpl_slice_header_minus1+2; i++)    pic_list(i)    }   else {    for( j = 0; j < num_rpl_slice_header_minus1+1; j++)    rpl_index[j] u(v)   }  if( slice_type = = P | | slice_type = = B ) {   num_ref_idx_active_override_flag u(1)   if( num_ref_idx_active_override_flag ) {   if(NumDeltaPocs[ CurrRPListIdx[0] ]>1)    num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 ue(v)   if( (slice_type = = B) && (NumDeltaPocs[ CurrRPListIdx[1] ]>1) )    num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 ue(v)   } ...  byte_alignment( ) }

With respect to the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 19, the definitions may be based on the definitions provided above. With respect to the syntax element num_ref_idx_active_minus1 the definition may be based on the following:

num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 specifies the maximum reference index for reference picture list 0 that may be used to decode the slice. num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to 14, inclusive.

When the current slice is a P or B slice and num_ref_idx_active_override_flag is equal to 0, num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 is inferred to be equal to num_ref_idx_l0_default_active_minus1.

When the current slice is a P or B slice and num_ref_idx_active_override_flag is equal to 1 and num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 is not present, num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 is inferred to be equal to 0. num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 specifies the maximum reference index for reference picture list 1 that may be used to decode the slice. num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to 14, inclusive.

When num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 is not present and num_ref_idx_active_override_flag is equal to 0, num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 is inferred to be equal to num_ref_idx_l1_default_active_minus1.

When num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 is not present and num_ref_idx_active_override_flag is equal to 1, num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 is inferred to be equal to 0.

With respect to Table 19, the following part of the syntax

if( (slice_type = = B) && (NumDeltaPocs[ CurrRPListIdx[1] ]>1) )  num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 ue(v) may instead be written equivalently as:

 if( (slice_type = = B) ) {   if(NumDeltaPocs[ CurrRPListIdx[1] ]>1)   num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 ue(v) }

Table 20 illustrates the relevant syntax for reference picture list structure included for the reference picture management approach described in JVET-L0112.

TABLE 20 Descriptor ref_pic_list_struct( listIdx, rplsIdx, ltrpFlag ) {  num_strp_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ] ue(v)  if( ltrpFlag )  num_ltrp_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ] ue(v)  for( i = 0; i < NumEntriesInList[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ]; i++) {  if( num_ltrp_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ] > 0 )   lt_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ]  if( !lt_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ) {   strp_entry_sign _flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)   delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ue(v)  } else   poc_lsb_lt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(v)  } }

JVET-L0112 provides the following definitions for the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 20: The ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) syntax structure may be present in an SPS or in a slice header. Depending on whether the syntax structure is included in a slice header or an SPS, the following applies:

-   -   If present in a slice header, the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx,         rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) syntax structure specifies reference picture         list listIdx of the current picture (the picture containing the         slice).     -   Otherwise (present in an SPS), the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx,         rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) syntax structure specifies a candidate for         reference picture list listIdx, and the term “the current         picture” in the semantics specified in the remainder of this         clause refers to each picture that 1) has one or more slices         containing ref_pic_list_idx[listIdx] equal to an index into the         list of the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx, ltrpFlag)         syntax structures included in the SPS, and 2) is in a CVS that         has the SPS as the active SPS.

num_ltrp_entries[listIdx][rplsIdx] specifies the number of STRP entries in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) syntax structure. num_ltrp_entries[listIdx][rplsIdx] specifies the number of LTRP entries in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) syntax structure. When not present, the value of num_ltrp_entries[listIdx][rplsIdx] is inferred to be equal to 0.

The variable NumEntriesInList[listIdx][rplsIdx] is derived as follows:

NumEntriesInList[listIdx][rplsIdx]=num_strp_entries[listIdx][rplsIdx]+num_ltrp_entries[listIdx][rplsIdx]

The value of NumEntriesInList[listIdx][rplsIdx] shall be in the range of 0 to sps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1, inclusive.

lt_ref_pic_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] equal to 1 specifies that the i-th entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) syntax structure is an LTRP entry.

lt_ref_pic_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] equal to 0 specifies that the i-th entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) syntax structure is an STRP entry. When not present, the value of lt_ref_pic_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] is inferred to be equal to 0.

It is a requirement of bitstream conformance that the sum of lt_ref_pic_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] for all values of i in the range of 0 to NumEntriesInList[listIdx][rplsIdx]−1, inclusive, shall be equal to num_ltrp_entries[listIdx][rplsIdx].

strp_entry_sign_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] equal to 1 specifies that i-th entry in the syntax structure ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) has a value greater than or equal to 0. strp_entry_sign_flag[listIdx rplsIdx] equal to 0 specifies that the i-th entry in the syntax structure ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) has a value less than 0.

delta_poc_st[listIdx][rplsIdx][i], when the i-th entry is the first STRP entry in ref_pic_list_struct(rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) syntax structure, specifies the absolute difference between the picture order count values of the current picture and the picture referred to by the i-th entry, or, when the i-th entry is an STRP entry but not the first STRP entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) syntax structure, specifies the absolute difference between the picture order count values of the pictures referred to by the i-th entry and by the previous STRP entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) syntax structure.

The value of delta_poc_st[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] shall be in the range of −2¹⁵ to 2¹⁵−1, inclusive.

The list DeltaPocSt[listIdx][rplsIdx] is derived as follows:

for( i = 0; i < NumEntriesInList[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ]; i++ ) {   if( !lt_ref_pic_flag[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] ) {    DeltaPocSt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] = ( strp_entry_sign_flag[    listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ]) ?     delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] : 0 − delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ]  } }

poc_lsb_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] specifies the value of the picture order count modulo MaxLtPicOrderCntLsb of the picture referred to by the i-th entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) syntax structure. The length of the poc_lsb_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] syntax element is Log 2(MaxLtPicOrderCntLsb) bits.

In one example, according to the techniques herein, the relevant syntax for a reference picture list structure may be modified as shown in Table 21, such that the syntax element for number of short term reference picture entries is modified to be signaled with a minus1 coding. This provides bit savings and requires that at least one short term reference picture is signaled.

TABLE 21 Descriptor ref_pic_list_struct( listIdx, rplsIdx, ltrpFlag ) {  num_strp_entries_minus1[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ] ue(v)  if( ltrpFlag )  num_ltrp_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ] ue(v)  for( i = 0; i < NumEntriesInList[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ]; i++) {  if( num_ltrp_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ] > 0 )   lt_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ]  if( !lt_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ) {   strp_entry_sign_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)   delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ue(v)  } else   poc_lsb_lt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(v)  } }

In this case, the semantics for num_strp_entries_minus1 in Table 21 may as follows:

num_strp_entries_minus1[listIdx][rplsIdx] plus 1 specifies the number of STRP entries in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx, ltrpFlag) syntax structure.

In this case, the variable NumEntriesInList[listIdx][rplsIdx] may be derived as follows:

NumEntriesInList[listIdx][rplsIdx]=num_strp_entries_minus1[listIdx][rplsIdx]+1+num_ltrp_entries[listIdx][rplsIdx]

In another example, this constraint may be as follows:

The value of NumEntriesInList[listIdx][rplsIdx] shall be in the range of 1 to sps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1, inclusive.

OR as follows:

The value of NumEntriesInList[listIdx][rplsIdx] shall be greater than 0.

As described above, JVET-L0112 describes a reference picture management approach based on direct signaling and derivation of reference picture lists 0 and 1. Table 22 illustrates the relevant syntax included in a SPS for reference picture management, Table 23 illustrates the relevant syntax included in a slice header for reference picture management, and Table 24 illustrates the relevant syntax for a reference picture list structure according to techniques herein. It should be noted that according to the example illustrated with respect to Tables 22-24, syntax elements num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[i] and rpl1_idx_present_flag are not included in the PPS.

TABLE 22 Descriptor seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) { ...  long_term_ref_pics_flag u(1)  if( long_term_ref_pics_flag )  additional_lt_poc_lsb ue(v)  num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps ue(v)  for( j = 0; j < num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps; j++)   ref_pic_list_struct( j ) ... }

TABLE 23 Descriptor slice_header( ) { ...  if( nal_unit_type != IRAP_NUT ) {  slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb u(v)  num_rpl_header_minus1 u(2)  for( i = 0, hdrRplIdx=0; i <  num_rpl_header_minus1+1; i++ ) {   if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps > 0 )   ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] u(1)   if( ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] ) {   if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps > 1 )    ref_pic_list_idx[ i ] u(v)   } else {   ref_pic_list_struct( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps +   hdrRplIdx )   hdrRplIdx ++   }  }  }  ... } In a variant in Table 23, the condition

if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps > 0 )  ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] u(1) May be changed as follows:

if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[i] > 0 )  ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] u(1)

Where num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[i] specifies the number of the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structures with listIdx equal to i included in the SPS. The value of num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[i] shall be in the range of 0 to 64, inclusive.

-   -   NOTE 2—For each value of listIdx (equal to 0 or 1), a decoder         should allocate memory for a total number of         num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[i]+1 ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx,         rplsIdx) syntax structures since there may be one         ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure directly         signalled in the slice headers of a current picture.

TABLE 24 Descriptor ref_pic_list_struct( rplsIdx ) {  num_strp_entries[ rplsIdx ] ue(v)  if( long_term_ref_pics_flag ) {  ltrp_list_present_flag u(1)  if( ltrp_list_present_flag) {  num_ltrp_entries_minus1[ rplsIdx ] ue(v)  }  for( i = 0; i < NumEntriesInList[ rplsIdx ]; i++) {  if( ltrp_list_present_flag && (i< (NumEntriesInList [  rplsIdx ]−1)))   lt_ref_pic_flag [ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)  if( !lt_ref_pic_flag [ rplsIdx ][ i ] ) {   delta_poc_st[ rplsIdx ][ i ] ue(v)   if(delta_poc_st [ rplsIdx ][ i ])   strp_entry_sign_flag[ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)  } else   poc_lsb_lt [ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(v)  } }

With respect to the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 22, the definitions may be based on the definitions provided above. With respect to the syntax element num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps the definition may be based on the following:

num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps specifies the number of the ref_pic_list_struct(rplsIdx) syntax structures included in the SPS. The value of num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps shall be in the range of 0 to 128, inclusive. NOTE 2—A decoder should allocate memory for a total number of num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps+3 ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structures since there may up to three ref_pic_list_struct(rplsIdx) syntax structure directly signalled in the tile group headers of a current picture.

With respect to the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 23, the definitions may be based on the following:

slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb specifies the picture order count modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb for the current picture. The length of the slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb syntax element is log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4 bits. The value of the slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb shall be in the range of 0 to MaxPicOrderCntLsb−1, inclusive. num_rpl_header_minus1 specifies the sum of number of ref_pic_list_struct( ) syntax structures signaled directly in the tile group header when ref_pic_list_sps_flag[i] is equal to 0 and the number of ref_pic_list_idx[i] entries signaled in the tile group header when ref_pic_list_sps_flag[i] is equal to 1. The value of num rpl header minus1 shall be in the range of 0 to 2, inclusive. The value 3 is reserved. ref_pic_list_sps_flag[i] equal to 1 specifies that reference picture list i of the current picture is derived based on one of the ref_pic_list_struct(rplsIdx) syntax structures in the active SPS. ref_pic_list_sps_flag[i] equal to 0 specifies that reference picture list i of the current picture is derived based on the ref_pic_list_struct(rplsIdx) syntax structure that is directly included in the tile group headers of the current picture. When not present ref_pic_list_sps_flag[i] is inferred to be equal to 0. ref_pic_list_idx[i] specifies the index, into the list of the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structures with listIdx equal to i included in the active SPS, of the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure with listIdx equal to i that is used for derivation of reference picture list i of the current picture. The syntax element ref_pic_list_idx[i] is represented by Ceil(Log 2(num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[i])) bits. When not present, the value of ref_pic_list_idx[i] is inferred to be equal to 0. The value of ref_pic_list_idx[i] shall be in the range of 0 to num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps−1, inclusive.

With respect to Table 24, the following definitions for the respective syntax elements may be used: The ref_pic_list_struct(rplsIdx) syntax structure may be present in an SPS or in a tile group header. Depending on whether the syntax structure is included in a tile group header or an SPS, the following applies:

-   -   If present in a tile group header, the         ref_pic_list_struct(rplsIdx) syntax structure specifies         reference picture list of the current picture (the picture         containing the slice).     -   Otherwise (present in an SPS), the ref_pic_list_struct(rplsIdx)         syntax structure specifies a candidate for reference picture         list, and the term “the current picture” in the semantics         specified in the remainder of this clause refers to each picture         that 1) has one or more tile groups containing         ref_pic_list_idx[j] equal to an index into the list of the         ref_pic_list_struct(rplsIdx) syntax structures included in the         SPS, and 2) is in a CVS that has the SPS as the active SPS.         num_strp_entries[rplsIdx] specifies the number of STRP entries         in the ref_pic_list_struct(rplsIdx) syntax structure.         ltrp_list_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that no long-term         reference pictures are signaled in this reference picture list         structure. ltrp_list_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that         long-term reference pictures are signaled in this reference         picture list structure ref_pic_list_struct(rplsIdx). When not         present ltrp_list_present_flag is inferred to be equal to 0.         num_ltrp_entries_minus1[rplsIdx] plus 1 specifies the number of         LTRP entries in the ref_pic_list_struct(rplsIdx) syntax         structure.

The variable NumEntriesInList[rplsIdx] is derived as follows:

NumEntriesInList[rplsIdx]=num_strp_entries[rplsIdx]+(ltrp_list_present_flag?(num_ltrp_entries_minus1[rplsIdx]+1):0)

The value of NumEntriesInList [rplsIdx] shall be in the range of 0 to sps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1, inclusive.

It_ref_pic_flag[rplsIdx][i] equal to 1 specifies that the i-th entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(rplsIdx) syntax structure is an LTRP entry. lt_ref_pic_flag[rplsIdx][i] equal to 0 specifies that the i-th entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(rplsIdx) syntax structure is an STRP entry. When not present, the value of lt_ref_pic_flag[rplsIdx][i] is inferred to be equal to 0 when ltrp_list_present_flag is equal to 0. When not present, the value of It_ref_pic_flag[rplsIdx][NumEntriesInList [rplsIdx]-1] is inferred as follows when ltrp_list_present_flag is equal to 1:

When ltrp_list_present_flag is equal to 1, a variable LTRPFlags is derived as follows:

for( i = 0, LTRPFlags=0; i < NumEntriesInList [ rplsIdx ]−1; i++) {  LTRPFlags +=lt_ref_pic_flag [ rplsIdx ][ i ] }

Then when ltrp_list_present_flag is equal to 1, lt_ref_pic_flag [rplsIdx][NumEntriesInList [rplsIdx]-1] is inferred to be equal to (num_ltrp_entries_minus1[rplsIdx]+1)−LTRPFlags.

strp_entry_sign_flag [rplsIdx][i] equal to 1 specifies that i-th entry in the syntax structure ref_pic_list_struct(rplsIdx) has a delta POC value greater than or equal to 0. strp_entry_sign_flag[rplsIdx] equal to 0 specifies that the i-th entry in the syntax structure ref_pic_list_struct(rplsIdx) has a value less than 0. When not present strp_entry_sign_flag[rplsIdx][i] is inferred to be equal to 1.

delta_poc_st[rplsIdx][i], when the i-th entry is the first STRP entry in ref_pic_list_struct(rplsIdx) syntax structure, specifies the absolute difference between the picture order count values of the current picture and the picture referred to by the i-th entry, or, when the i-th entry is an STRP entry but not the first STRP entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(rplsIdx) syntax structure, specifies the absolute difference between the picture order count values of the pictures referred to by the i-th entry and by the previous STRP entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(rplsIdx) syntax structure.

The value of delta_poc_st[rplsIdx][i] shall be in the range of 0 to 2¹⁵−1, inclusive. The list DeltaPocSt[listIdx][rplsIdx] is derived as follows:

for( i = 0; i < NumEntriesInList[ rplsIdx ]; i++ ) {   if( !lt_ref_pic_flag[ rplsIdx ][ i ] ) {    DeltaPocSt[ rplsIdx ][ i ] = ( strp_entry_sign_flag [ rplsIdx ][    i ]) ?     delta_poc_st[ rplsIdx ] [ i ] : 0 − delta_poc_st [ rplsIdx ][ i ]  } }

poc_lsb_lt[rplsIdx][i] specifies the value of the picture order count modulo MaxLtPicOrderCntLsb of the picture referred to by the i-th entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(rplsIdx) syntax structure. The length of the poc_lsb_lt [rplsIdx][i] syntax element is Log 2(MaxLtPicOrderCntLsb) bits.

With respect to the example illustrated with respect to Tables 22-24, in one example, the decoding process for reference picture lists construction may be as follows: This process is invoked at the beginning of the decoding process for each tile group of a non-TRAP picture. Reference pictures are addressed through reference indices. A reference index is an index into a reference picture list. When decoding an I tile group, no reference picture list is used in decoding of the tile group data. When decoding a P slice, only reference picture list 0 (i.e., RefPicList[0]), is used in decoding of the slice data. When decoding a B slice, both reference picture list 0 and reference picture list 1 (i.e., RefPicList[1]) are used in decoding of the slice data.

At the beginning of the decoding process for each tile group of a non-IRAP picture, the reference picture lists RefPicList[i] for i in the range of 0 to num_rpl_header_minus1, inclusive are derived. The reference picture lists are used in marking of reference pictures as specified below or in decoding of the slice data.

-   -   NOTE 1—For an I tile group of a non-IRAP picture that is not the         first tile group of the picture, RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1]         may be derived for bitstream conformance checking purpose, but         their derivation is not necessary for decoding of the current         picture or pictures following the current picture in decoding         order. For a P tile group that it is not the first tile group of         a picture, RefPicList[1] may be derived for bitstream         conformance checking purpose, but its derivation is not         necessary for decoding of the current picture or pictures         following the current picture in decoding order.

The reference picture lists RefPicList[i] for i in the range of 0 to num_rpl_header_minus1, inclusive are constructed as follows:

for( i = 0, headerRplIdx=0; i < num_rpl_header_minus1+1; i++ ) {  if( ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] )   RplsIdx[ i ] = ref_pic_list_idx[ i ]  else {   RplsIdx[ i ] = num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps + headerRplIdx   headerRplIdx++  }  for( j = 0, pocBase = PicOrderCntVal; j < NumEntriesInList [ RplsIdx[  i ] ]; j++) {   if( !lt_ref_pic_flag[ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] ) {    RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ] = pocBase − DeltaPocSt[ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ]    if( there is a short-term reference picture picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal equal to RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ] )     RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA    else     RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”    pocBase = RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ]   } else {    if( there is a long-term reference picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal & ( MaxLtPicOrderCntLsb − 1 )      equal to poc_lsb_lt [ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] )     RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA    else     RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”   }  } }

For each i equal to 0 or 1, the following applies:

-   -   Each entry in RefPicList[i][j] for j in the range of 0 to         NumEntriesInList[RplsIdx[i]]−1, inclusive, is referred to as an         STRP entry if lt_ref_pic_flag[RplsIdx[i]][j] is equal to 0, and         as an LTRP entry otherwise.     -   NOTE 2—It is possible that a particular picture is referred to         by both an entry in RefPicList[0] and an entry in RefPicList[1].         It is also possible that a particular picture is referred to by         more than one entry in RefPicList[0] or by more than one entry         in RefPicList[1].     -   NOTE 3—The entries in RefPicList[0] and the entries in         RefPicList[1] collectively refer to all reference pictures that         may be used for inter prediction of the current picture and one         or more pictures that follow the current picture in decoding         order. The entries in RefPicList[2] refer to all reference         pictures that are not used for inter prediction of the current         picture but may be used in inter prediction for one or more         pictures that follow the current picture in decoding order.     -   NOTE 4—There may be one or more entries in RefPicList[0] or         RefPicList[1] that are equal to “no reference picture” because         the corresponding pictures are not present in the DPB. An         unintentional picture loss should be inferred for each entry in         RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that is equal to “no reference         picture”.

It is a requirement of bitstream conformance that the following constraints apply:

-   -   The picture referred to by each entry in RefPicList[0] or         RefPicList[1] shall be present in the DPB and shall have         TemporalId less than or equal to that of the current picture.     -   An STRP entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] of a tile group         of a picture and an LTRP entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1]         of the same tile group or a different tile group of the same         picture shall not refer to the same picture.     -   There shall be no LTRP entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1]         for which the difference between the PicOrderCntVal of the         current picture and the PicOrderCntVal of the picture referred         to by the entry is greater than or equal to 2²⁴.     -   Let setOfRefPics be the set of unique pictures referred to by         all entries in RefPicList[i] for i in the range of 0 to         num_rpl_header_minus1 inclusive. The number of pictures in         setOfRefPics shall be less than or equal to         sps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1 and setOfRefPics shall be the         same for all tile groups of a picture.

With respect to the example illustrated with respect to Tables 22-24, in one example, the decoding process for reference picture marking may be as follows: This process is invoked once per picture, after decoding of a tile group header and the decoding process for reference picture list construction for the tile group as specified above, but prior to the decoding of the tile group data. This process may result in one or more reference pictures in the DPB being marked as “unused for reference” or “used for long-term reference”.

A decoded picture in the DPB can be marked as “unused for reference”, “used for short-term reference” or “used for long-term reference”, but only one among these three at any given moment during the operation of the decoding process. Assigning one of these markings to a picture implicitly removes another of these markings when applicable. When a picture is referred to as being marked as “used for reference”, this collectively refers to the picture being marked as “used for short-term reference” or “used for long-term reference” (but not both).

When the current picture is an IRAP picture, all reference pictures currently in the DPB (if any) are marked as “unused for reference”.

STRPs are identified by their PicOrderCntVal values. LTRPs are identified by the Log 2(MaxLtPicOrderCntLsb) LSBs of their PicOrderCntVal values.

The following applies:

-   -   For each LTRP entry in RefPicList[i] for i in the range of 0 to         num_rpl_header_minus1, inclusive, the picture is marked as “used         for long-term reference”.     -   For each STRP entry in RefPicList[i] for i in the range of 0 to         num_rpl_header_minus1, inclusive, the picture is marked as “used         for short-term reference”.     -   Each reference picture in the DPB that is not referred to by any         entry in RefPicList[i] for i in the range of 0 to         num_rpl_header_minus1, inclusive is marked as “unused for         reference”.

It should be noted that in one example, minus one signaling may be used a reference picture list structure. Table 25 illustrates the relevant syntax for a reference picture list structure in the case where minus one signaling is used.

TABLE 25 Descriptor ref_pic_list_struct( rplsIdx) {  num_strp_entries [ rplsIdx ] ue(v)  if( long_term_ref_pics_flag )  num_ltrp_entries[ rplsIdx ] ue(v)  for( i = 0; i < NumEntriesInList [ rplsIdx ]; i++) {  if((num_ltrp_entries[ rplsIdx ]>0) && (i<  (NumEntriesInList [ rplsIdx ]−1)) )   lt_ref_pic_flag [ rplsIdx ][ i ]  if( !lt_ref_pic_flag [ rplsIdx ][ i ] ) {   delta_poc_st [ rplsIdx ][ i ] ue(v)   if(delta_poc_st [ rplsIdx ][ i ])   strp_entry_sign_flag[ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)  } else   poc_lsb_lt [ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(v)  } }

With respect to the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 25, the definitions may be based on the definitions provided above. With respect to the syntax element lt_ref_pic_flag the definition may be based on the following: lt_ref_pic_flag [rplsIdx][i] equal to 1 specifies that the i-th entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(rplsIdx) syntax structure is an LTRP entry. lt_ref_pic_flag[rplsIdx][i] equal to 0 specifies that the i-th entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(rplsIdx) syntax structure is an STRP entry. When not present, the value of lt_ref_pic_flag [rplsIdx][i] is inferred to be equal to 0 when num_ltrp_entries[rplsIdx] equal to 0. When not present, the value of lt_ref_pic_flag [rplsIdx][NumEntriesInList [rplsIdx]-1] is inferred as follows when num_ltrp_entries[rplsIdx] is greater than 0:

When num_ltrp_entries[rplsIdx] is greater than 0, a variable LTRPFlags is derived as follows:

for( i = 0, LTRPFlags=0; i < NumEntriesInList [ rplsIdx ]−1; i++) {  LTRPFlags +=lt_ref_pic_flag [ rplsIdx ][ i ] }

Then when num_ltrp_entries[rplsIdx] is greater than 0, lt_ref_pic_flag [rplsIdx][NumEntriesInList [rplsIdx]-1] is inferred to be equal to (num_ltrp_entries[rplsIdx])−LTRPFlags

In one example, according to the techniques herein, syntax for a reference picture list structure may be as provided in Table 26.

TABLE 26 Descriptor ref_pic_list_struct( listIdx, rplsIdx ) {  num_ref_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ] ue(v)  for( i = 0; i < num_ref_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ]; i++) {  if( long_term_ref_pics_flag )   st_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)  if( st_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ) {   abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ue(v)     if( abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] > 0 )   strp_entry_sign_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)  } else   poc_lsb_lt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(v)  } }

With respect to Table 26, the following definitions for the respective syntax elements may be used: The ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure may be present in an SPS or in a slice header. Depending on whether the syntax structure is included in a slice header or an SPS, the following applies:

-   -   If present in a slice header, the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx,         rplsIdx) syntax structure specifies reference picture list         listIdx of the current picture (the picture containing the         slice).     -   Otherwise (present in an SPS), the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx,         rplsIdx) syntax structure specifies a candidate for reference         picture list listIdx, and the term “the current picture” in the         semantics specified in the remainder of this clause refers to         each picture that 1) has one or more slices containing         ref_pic_list_idx[listIdx] equal to an index into the list of the         ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structures included         in the SPS, and 2) is in a CVS that has the SPS as the active         SPS.

num_ref_entries[listIdx][rplsIdx] specifies the number of entries in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure. The value of num_ref_entries[listIdx][rplsIdx] shall be in the range of 0 to sps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1+14, inclusive.

st_ref_pic_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] equal to 1 specifies that the i-th entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure is an STRP entry.

st_ref_pic_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] equal to 0 specifies that the i-th entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure is an LTRP entry. When not present, the value of st_ref_pic_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] is inferred to be equal to 1.

abs_delta_poc_st[listIdx][rplsIdx][i], when the i-th entry is the first STRP entry in ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure, specifies the absolute difference between the picture order count values of the current picture and the picture referred to by the i-th entry, or, when the i-th entry is an STRP entry but not the first STRP entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure, specifies the absolute difference between the picture order count values of the pictures referred to by the i-th entry and by the previous STRP entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure. The value of abs_delta_poc_st[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] shall be in the range of 0 to 2¹⁵−1, inclusive. strp_entry_sign_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] equal to 1 specifies that i-th entry in the syntax structure ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) has a value greater than or equal to 0. strp_entry_sign_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx] equal to 0 specifies that the i-th entry in the syntax structure ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) has a value less than 0. When not present, the value of strp_entry_sign_flag[i][j] is inferred to be equal to 1.

The list DeltaPocSt[listIdx][rplsIdx] is derived as follows:

for( i = 0; i < num_ref_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ]; i++ ) {   if( st_ref_pic_flag[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] ) {    DeltaPocSt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] = ( strp_entry_sign_flag[    listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ]) ?     abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] : 0 − abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ]  } }

poc_lsb_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] specifies the value of the picture order count modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb of the picture referred to by the i-th entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure. The length of the poc_lsb_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] syntax element is log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4 bits.

In one example, with respect to the example syntax for a reference picture list structure provided in Table 26 in one example, according to the techniques herein, syntax for a corresponding slice header may be as provided in Table 27.

TABLE 27 Descriptor slice_header( ) {  slice_pic_parameter_set_id ue(v)  slice_address u(v)  slice_type ue(v)  if( nal_unit_type != IRAP_NUT ) {   slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb u(v)   for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {    if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 0 &&         ( i = = 0 | | ( i = = 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) ) )     ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] u(1)    if( ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] ) {     if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 1 &&        ( i = = 0 | | ( i = = 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) ) )       ref_pic_list_idx[ i ] u(v)    } else     ref_pic_list_struct( i, num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] )    for( j = 0; j < NumLTRPEntries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]; j++ ) {     additional_poc_lsb_present_flag[ i ][ j ] u(1)     if( additional_poc_lsb_present_flag[ i ][ j ] )      additional_poc_lsb_val[ i ][ j ] u(v)    }   }   if( slice_type = = P | | slice_type = = B ) {    num_ref_idx_active_override_flag u(1)    if( num_ref_idx_active_override_flag )     for( i = 0; i < ( slice_type = = B ? 2: 1 ); i++ ) {     if( ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ])      currRplsIdx[ i ] = ref_pic_list_idx[ i ]     else       currRplsIdx[ i ] = num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ]       if(num_ref_entries[ i ][ currRplsIdx[i] ]>1)       num_ref_idx_active_minus1[ i ] ue(v)    }   }  } ... }

With respect to the respective syntax elements illustrated in Table 27, the definitions may be based on the definitions provided above. With respect to the syntax elements additional_poc_lsb_present_flag and additional_poc_lsb_val, the definitions may be based on the following:

additional_poc_lsb_present_flag[i][j] equal to 1 specifies that additional_poc_lsb_val[i][j] is present. additional_poc_lsb_present_flag[i][j] equal to 0 specifies that additional_poc_lsb_val[i][j] is not present.

additional_poc_lsb_val[i][j] specifies the value of FullPocLsbLt[i][j] as follows:

FullPocLsbLt[i][RplsIdx[i]][j]=additional_poc_lsb_val[i][j]*MaxPicOrderCntLsb+poc_lsb_lt[i][RplsIdx[i]][j]

The syntax element additional_poc_lsb_val[i][j] is represented by additional_lt_poc_lsb_len bits. When not present, the value of additional_poc_lsb_val[i][j] is inferred to be equal to 0.

In one example definitions for some of the syntax elements in Table 27 may be modified as follows: ref_pic_list_sps_flag[i] equal to 1 specifies that reference picture list i of the current picture is derived based on one of the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structures with listIdx equal to i in the active SPS. ref_pic_list_sps_flag[i] equal to 0 specifies that reference picture list i of the current picture is derived based on the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure with listIdx equal to i that is directly included in the slice headers of the current picture. When rpl1_idx_present_flag is equal to 0, the value of ref_pic_list_sps_flag[1] is inferred to be equal to ref_pic_list_sps_flag[0]. When not present ref_pic_list_sps_flag[i] is inferred to be equal to 0. ref_pic_list_idx[i] specifies the index, into the list of the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structures with listIdx equal to i included in the active SPS, of the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure with listIdx equal to i that is used for derivation of reference picture list i of the current picture. The syntax element i is represented by Ceil(Log 2(num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[i])) bits. When not present, the value of ref_pic_list_idx[i] is inferred to be equal to 0. The value of ref_pic_list_idx[i] shall be in the range of 0 to num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[i]−1, inclusive. When rpl1_idx_present_flag is equal to 0, the value of ref_pic_list_idx[1] is inferred to be equal to ref_pic_list_idx[0].

The variable RplsIdx[i] is derived as follows:

RplsIdx[i]=ref_pic_list_sps_flag[i]?ref_pic_list_idx[i]:num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[i]

In this case, in one example, the variable NumLTRPEntries[listIdx][rplsIdx] may be derived as follows:

-   -   for(i=0, NumLTRPEntries[listIdx][rplsIdx]=0;         i<num_entries[listIdx][rplsIdx]; i++)

if(!st_ref_pic_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][i])NumLTRPEntries[listIdx][rplsIdx]++;

In another example the slice header syntax may be further modified as shown in Table 27A.

TABLE 27A Descriptor slice_header( ) {  slice_pic_parameter_set_id ue(v)  slice_address u(v)  slice_type ue(v)  if( nal_unit_type != IRAP_NUT ) {   slice_pic_order_cnt_lsb u(v)   if( slice_type = = P | | slice_type = = B ) {   for( i = 0; i < ( slice_type = = B ? 2: 1 ); i++ ) {    if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 0 &&          ( i = = 0 | | ( i = = 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) ) )     ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] u(1)    if( ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] ) {     if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 1 &&         ( i = = 0 | | ( i = = 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) ) )       ref_pic_list_idx[ i ] u(v)    } else     ref_pic_list_struct( i, num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] )      if(( i = = 0 | | ( i = = 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) ) ) {    for( j = 0; j < NumLTRPEntries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]; j++ ) {     additional_poc_lsb_present_flag[ i ][ j ] u(1)     if( additional_poc_lsb_present_flag[ i ][ j ] )       additional_poc_lsb_val[ i ][ j ] u(v)    }    }   }  }   if( slice_type = = P | | slice_type = = B ) {    num_ref_idx_active_override_flag u(1)    if( num_ref_idx_active_override_flag )     for( i = 0; i < ( slice_type = = B ? 2: 1 ); i++ ) {     if( ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ])      currRplsIdx[ i ] = ref_pic_list_idx[ i ]     else      currRplsIdx[ i ] = num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ]       if(num_ref_entries[ i ][ currRplsIdx[i] ]>1)        num_ref_idx_active_minus1[ i ] ue(v)     }    }   }   ...   byte_alignment( ) }

Some of the changes in Table 27A compared to Table 27 are as follows. In Table 27A:

-   -   The syntax elements ref_pic_lists_sps_flag[i],         ref_pic_list_idx[i],         ref_pic_list_struct(num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[i]),         additional_poc_lsb_present_flag[i][j],         additional_poc_lsb_val[i][j] are only signaled when the         slice_type is equal to P or B.     -   If the slice type is B, the for loop index goes from i=0 to i<2.         Otherwise (if slice type is equal to P) the for loop index only         goes from i=0 to i<1.

The above syntax changes provide bit savings as some of the syntax elements are not signaled under certain conditions. Additionally the signaling of additional_poc_lsb_present_flag[i][j] and additional_poc_lsb_val[i][j] is conditioned under a condition if((i==0 (i==1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag))). This means these syntax elements are signaled for i equal to 0. But they are not signaled when i is equal to 1 and rpl1_idx_present_flag is equal to 0. In this case, their values are inferred. Not signaling syntax elements provides bit-savings.

With respect to Table 27A, semantics of some of the syntax elements may be modified as follows:

additional_poc_lsb_present_flag[i][j] equal to 1 specifies that additional_poc_lsb_val[i][j] is present.

additional_poc_lsb_present_flag[i][j] equal to 0 specifies that additional_poc_lsb_val[i][j] is not present. When rpl1_idx_present_flag is equal to 0, the value of additional_poc_lsb_present_flag[1][j] is inferred to be equal to additional_poc_lsb_present_flag[0][i].

additional_poc_lsb_val[i][j] specifies the value of FullPocLsbLt[i][j] as follows:

FullPocLsbLt[i][RplsIdx[i]][i]=additional_poc_lsb_val[i][j]*MaxPicOrderCntLsb+poc_lsb_lt[i][RplsIdx[i]][j]

The syntax element additional_poc_lsb_val[i][j] is represented by additional_lt_poc_lsb_len bits. When rpl1_idx_present_flag is equal to 0, the value of additional_poc_lsb_val[1][j] is inferred to be equal to additional_poc_lsb_val[0][j]. When not present, and additional_poc_lsb_present_flag[i][j] is equal to 0, the value of additional_poc_lsb_val[i][j] is inferred to be equal to 0.

It should be noted that although the description in this document uses the term slice and slice header, these terms may be replaced with the terms tile group and tile group header. Additionally, the syntax element slice_type may be replaced by the syntax element tile_group_type. In this case, conditions and other syntax elements which use slice_type may be changed to tile_group_type. As an example the following

if( slice_type = = P | | slice_type = = B ) {  for( i = 0; i < ( slice_type = = B ? 2: 1 ); i++ ) { May be changed to

if( tile_group_type = = P | | tile_group_type = = B ) {  for( i = 0; i < ( tile_group_type = = B ? 2: 1 ); i++ ) {

In one example, according to the techniques herein, syntax for a reference picture list structure may be as provided in Table 28.

TABLE 28 Descriptor ref_pic_list_struct( listIdx, rplsIdx ) {  num_ref_entries_minus1[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ] ue(v)  for( i = 0; i <= num_ref_entries_minus1[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ]; i++) {   if( long_term_ref_pics_flag )    st_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)   if( st_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ) {    abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ue(v)    if( abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] > 0 )     strp_entry_sign_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)   } else    poc_lsb_lt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(v)  } }

With respect to Table 28, the following definitions for the respective syntax elements may be used: The ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure may be present in an SPS or in a slice header. Depending on whether the syntax structure is included in a slice header or an SPS, the following applies:

-   -   If present in a slice header, the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx,         rplsIdx) syntax structure specifies reference picture list         listIdx of the current picture (the picture containing the         slice).     -   Otherwise (present in an SPS), the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx,         rplsIdx) syntax structure specifies a candidate for reference         picture list listIdx, and the term “the current picture” in the         semantics specified in the remainder of this clause refers to         each picture that 1) has one or more slices containing         ref_pic_list_idx[listIdx] equal to an index into the list of the         ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structures included         in the SPS, and 2) is in a CVS that has the SPS as the active         SPS.

num_ref_entries_minus1[listIdx][rplsIdx] plus 1 specifies the number of entries in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure. The value of num_ref_entries_minus1[listIdx][rplsIdx] shall be in the range of 0 to sps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1+14, inclusive.

In another example: The value of num_ref_entries_minus1[listIdx][rplsIdx] shall be in the range of 0 to sps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1+13, inclusive.

st_ref_pic_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] equal to 1 specifies that the i-th entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure is an STRP entry. st_ref_pic_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] equal to 0 specifies that the i-th entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure is an LTRP entry. When not present, the value of st_ref_pic_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] is inferred to be equal to 1.

The variable NumLTRPEntries [listIdx][rplsIdx] is derived as follows:

-   -   for(i=0, NumLTRPEntries[listIdx][rplsIdx]=0;         i<=num_entries_minus1[listIdx][rplsIdx]; i++)

if(!st_ref_pic_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][i]) NumLTRPEntries[listIdx][rplsIdx]++;

abs_delta_poc_st[listIdx][rplsIdx][i], when the i-th entry is the first STRP entry in ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure, specifies the absolute difference between the picture order count values of the current picture and the picture referred to by the i-th entry, or, when the i-th entry is an STRP entry but not the first STRP entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure, specifies the absolute difference between the picture order count values of the pictures referred to by the i-th entry and by the previous STRP entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure. The value of abs_delta_poc_st[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] shall be in the range of 0 to 2¹⁵−1, inclusive.

strp_entry_sign_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] equal to 1 specifies that i-th entry in the syntax structure ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) has a value greater than or equal to 0. strp_entry_sign_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx] equal to 0 specifies that the i-th entry in the syntax structure ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) has a value less than 0. When not present, the value of strp_entry_sign_flag[i][j] is inferred to be equal to 1.

The list DeltaPocSt[listIdx][rplsIdx] is derived as follows:

for( i = 0; i <= num_ref_entries_minus1[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ]; i++ ) {  if( st_ref_pic_flag[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] ) {   DeltaPocSt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] = ( strp_entry_sign_flag[   listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ]) ?    abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] : 0 − abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ]  } }

poc_lsb_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] specifies the value of the picture order count modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb of the picture referred to by the i-th entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure. The length of the poc_lsb_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] syntax element is log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4 bits.

With respect to the example illustrated with respect to Table 28, in one example, the decoding process for reference picture lists construction may be as follows:

This process is invoked at the beginning of the decoding process for each slice of a non-TRAP picture. Reference pictures are addressed through reference indices. A reference index is an index into a reference picture list. When decoding an I slice, no reference picture list is used in decoding of the slice data. When decoding a P slice, only reference picture list 0 (i.e., RefPicList[0]), is used in decoding of the slice data. When decoding a B slice, both reference picture list 0 and reference picture list 1 (i.e., RefPicList[1]) are used in decoding of the slice data.

At the beginning of the decoding process for each slice of a non-IRAP picture, the reference picture lists RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] are derived. The reference picture lists are used in marking of reference pictures as specified in herein or in decoding of the slice data.

NOTE 1—For an I slice of a non-IRAP picture that it is not the first slice of the picture, RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] may be derived for bitstream conformance checking purpose, but their derivation is not necessary for decoding of the current picture or pictures following the current picture in decoding order. For a P slice that it is not the first slice of a picture, RefPicList[1] may be derived for bitstream conformance checking purpose, but its derivation is not necessary for decoding of the current picture or pictures following the current picture in decoding order.

The reference picture lists RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] are constructed as follows:

for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {  for( j = 0, pocBase = PicOrderCntVal; j <= num_ref_entries_minus1[  i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]; j++) {   if( st_ref_pic_flag[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] ) {    RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ] = pocBase − DeltaPocSt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][    j ]    if( there is a reference picture picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal equal to RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ] )     RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA    else     RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”    pocBase = RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ]   } else {    if( there is a reference picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal & ( MaxLtPicOrderCntLsb − 1 )      equal to FullPocLsbLt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] )     RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA    else     RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”   }  } }

For each i equal to 0 or 1, the first NumRefIdxActive[i] entries in RefPicList[i] are referred to as the active entries in RefPicList[i], and the other entries in RefPicList[i] are referred to as the inactive entries in RefPicList[i].

NOTE 2—It is possible that a particular picture is referred to by both an entry in RefPicList[0] and an entry in RefPicList[1]. It is also possible that a particular picture is referred to by more than one entry in RefPicList[0] or by more than one entry in RefPicList[1].

NOTE 3—The active entries in RefPicList[0] and the active entries in RefPicList[1] collectively refer to all reference pictures that may be used for inter prediction of the current picture and one or more pictures that follow the current picture in decoding order. The inactive entries in RefPicList[0] and the inactive entries in RefPicList[1] collectively refer to all reference pictures that are not used for inter prediction of the current picture but may be used in inter prediction for one or more pictures that follow the current picture in decoding order.

NOTE 4—There may be one or more entries in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that are equal to “no reference picture” because the corresponding pictures are not present in the DPB. Each inactive entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[0] that is equal to “no reference picture” should be ignored. An unintentional picture loss should be inferred for each active entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that is equal to “no reference picture”.

It is a requirement of bitstream conformance that the following constraints apply:

-   -   For each i equal to 0 or 1,         num_ref_entries_minus1[i][RplsIdx[i]] shall not be less than         NumRefIdxActive[i].     -   The picture referred to by each active entry in RefPicList[0] or         RefPicList[1] shall be present in the DPB and shall have         TemporalId less than or equal to that of the current picture.     -   An STRP entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] of a slice of a         picture and an LTRP entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] of         the same slice or a different slice of the same picture shall         not refer to the same picture.     -   There shall be no LTRP entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1]         for which the difference between the PicOrderCntVal of the         current picture and the PicOrderCntVal of the picture referred         to by the entry is greater than or equal to 2²⁴.     -   Let setOfRefPics be the set of unique pictures referred to by         all entries in RefPicList[0] and all entries in RefPicList[1].         The number of pictures in setOfRefPics shall be less than or         equal to sps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1 and setOfRefPics shall         be the same for all slices of a picture.

As described above, JVET is studying the potential need for standardization of future video coding technology. The current development of a next generation video coding standard by JVET is referred to as the Versatile Video Coding (VVC) project. “Versatile Video Coding (Draft 4),” 13th Meeting of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 9-18 Jan. 2019, Marrakech, MA, document JVET-M1001-v5, which is incorporated by reference herein, and referred to as JVET-M1001, represents the current iteration of the draft text of a video coding specification corresponding to the VVC project. As further described above, the terms slice and slice header, may be replaced with the terms tile group and tile group header. It should be noted that with respect to JVET-M1001, tile groups are required to consist of an integer number of complete tiles instead of only being required to consist of an integer number of CTUs.

Table 26 provided above illustrates the ref_pic_list_struct provided in WET-M1001. It should be noted that in JVET-M1001 the semantics of the syntax elements in ref_pic_list_struct( ) are the same as those provided above with respect to Table 26 with the term slice being replaced with tile group and the following variable, NumLtrpEntries, added to the definition of syntax element st_ref_pic_flag: The variable NumLtrpEntries[listIdx][rplsIdx] is derived as follows:

-   -   for(i=0, NumLtrpEntries[listIdx][rplsIdx]=0;         i<num_ref_entries[listIdx][rplsIdx]; i++)

if(!st_ref_pic_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][i])NumLtrpEntries[listIdx][rplsIdx]++

Further, Table 29 illustrates the relevant syntax included in an SPS for reference picture management according to JVET-M1001 and Table 30 illustrates the relevant syntax included in a tile group header for reference picture management in JVET-M1001.

TABLE 29 Descriptor seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) { ...  long_term_ref_pics_flag u(1)  rpl1_same_as_rpl0_flag u(1)  for( i = 0; i < !rpl1_same_as_rpl0_flag ? 2 : 1; i++ ) {   num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] ue(v)   for( j = 0; j < num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ]; j++)    ref_pic_list_struct( i, j ) } ... }

TABLE 30 Descriptor tile_group_header( ) { ...  if( nal_unit_type != IDR_W_RADL && nal_unit_type != IDR_N_LP) {   for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {    if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 0 &&         ( i = = 0 | | ( i = = 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) ) )     ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] u(1)    if( ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] ) {     if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 1 &&        ( i = = 0 | | ( i = = 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) ) )       ref_pic_list_idx[ i ] u(v)    } else     ref_pic_list_struct( i, num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] )    for( j = 0; j < NumLtrpEntries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]; j++ ) {     delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ i ][ j ] u(1)     if( delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ i ][ j ] )      delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ j ] ue(v)    }   }   if( tile_group_type = = P | | tile_group_type = = B ) {    num_ref_idx_active_override_flag u(1)    if( num_ref_idx_active_override_flag )     for( i = 0; i < ( tile_group_type = = B ? 2: 1 ); i++ )      if( num_ref_entries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ] > 1 )       num_ref_idx_active_minus1[ i ] ue(v)   }  }

With respect to Table 29, in JVET-M1001, the definitions of syntax elements long_term_ref_pics_flag, rpl1_same_as_rpl0_flag, and num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps are the same as those provided above with respect to Table 15. With respect to Table 30, JVET-M1001 provides where the definitions of syntax elements ref_pic_list_sps_flag and ref_pic_list_idx[i] are the same as those provided above with respect to Table 27. JVET-M1001 provides the following semantics for syntax elements delta_poc_msb_present_flag, delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt, num_ref_idx_active_override_flag, and num_ref_idx_active_minus1:

-   -   delta_poc_msb_present_flag[i][j] equal to 1 specifies that         delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i][j] is present.         delta_poc_msb_present_flag[i][j] equal to 0 specifies that         delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i][j] is not present. Let prevTid0Pic be         the previous picture in decoding order that has TemporalId equal         to 0 and is not a RASL or RADL picture. Let setOfPrevPocVals be         a set consisting of the following:     -   the PicOrderCntVal of prevTid0Pic,     -   the PicOrderCntVal of each picture referred to by entries in         RefPicList[0] and entries in RefPicList[1] ofprevTid0Pic,     -   the PicOrderCntVal of each picture that follows prevTid0Pic in         decoding order and precedes the current picture in decoding         order.

When there is more than one value in setOfPrevPocVals for which the value modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb is equal to poc_lsb_lt[i][RplsIdx[i]][j], the value of delta_poc_msb_present_flag[i][j] shall be equal to 1.

delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i][j] specifies the value of the variable FullPocLt[i][j] as follows:

if( j = = 0 )  deltaMsbCycle[ i ][ j ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ j ] else  deltaMsbCycle[ i ][ j ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ j ] +  deltaMsbCycle[ i ][ j − 1 ] FullPocLt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] = PicOrderCntVal − deltaMsbCycle[ i ][ j ] * MaxPicOrderCntLsb −   ( PicOrderCntVal & ( MaxPicOrderCntLsb − 1 ) ) + poc_lsb_lt[ i ][   RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ]

The value of delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i][j] shall be in the range of 0 to 2^((32−log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4−4)), inclusive. When not present, the value of delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i][j] is inferred to be equal to 0.

num_ref_idx_active_override_flag equal to 1 specifies that the syntax element num_ref_idx_active_minus1[0] is present for P and B tile groups and that the syntax element num_ref_idx_active_minus1[1] is present for B tile groups. num_ref_idx_active_override_flag equal to 0 specifies that the syntax elements num_ref_idx_active_minus1[0] and num_ref_idx_active minus1[1] are not present.

num_ref_idx_active_minus1[i] is used for the derivation of the variable NumRefIdxActive[i] as specified by the Equation below. The value of num_ref_idx_active_minus1[i] shall be in the range of 0 to 14, inclusive.

For i equal to 0 or 1, when the current tile group is a B tile group, num_ref_idx_active_override_flag is equal to 1, and num_ref_idx_active_minus1[i] is not present, num_ref_idx_active_minus1 [i] is inferred to be equal to 0.

When the current tile group is a P tile group, num_ref_idx_active_override_flag is equal to 1, and num_ref_idx_active_minus1[0] is not present, num_ref_idx_active_minus1[0] is inferred to be equal to 0.

The variable NumRefIdxActive[i] is derived as follows:

for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {  if( tile_group_type = = B || (tile_group_type = = P && i = = 0 ) ) {   if( num_ref_idx_active_override_flag = = 1 )    NumRefIdxActive[ i ] = num_ref_idx_active_minus1[ i ] + 1   else {    if( num_ref_entries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ] >= num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[ i ] + 1 )     NumRefIdxActive[ i ] =     num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[ i ] + 1    else     NumRefIdxActive[ i ] = num_ref_entries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]   }  } else // tile_group_type = = I || (tile_group_type = = P && i = = 1 )   NumRefIdxActive[ i ] = 0 }

The value of NumRefIdxActive[i]−1 specifies the maximum reference index for reference picture list i that may be used to decode the tile group. When the value of NumRefIdxActive[i] is equal to 0, no reference index for reference picture list i may be used to decode the tile group. The variable CurrPicIsOnlyRef, specifying that the current decoded picture is the only reference picture for the current tile group, is derived as follows:

-   -   CurrPicIsOnlyRef=sps_cpr_enabled_flag && (tile_group_type==P) &&         (num_ref_idx_active_minus1[0]==0)

Thus, JVET-M1001 provides where the POC related information about long-term reference pictures in the reference picture list(s) is signaled at two places, i.e., in the reference picture list structure (ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx)) and in the tile group header. In JVET-M1001, the reference picture list structure may be signaled in SPS in the list of candidate reference picture lists. Thus, in JVET-M1001, information about long-term reference pictures is not collocated. For example, the poc_lsb_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][i] information for each long-term reference picture is signaled in ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx), which could come from SPS, but the delta poc msb presence flag and delta poc MSB cycle information for each long-term reference picture is always signaled in tile group header. According to the techniques herein, information about long-term reference pictures may be collocated in order to simplify parsing.

In one example, according to the techniques herein, all the information about long-term reference pictures including, for example, the picture order count modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb, delta poc MSB presence flag and delta poc MSB cycle information for reference picture lists may be in one location, i.e., a single syntax structure. In one example, all the information about long-term reference pictures may be signaled in tile group header. This can simplify parsing by collocating all the information. Tables 31 and 32 illustrate an example where all the information about long-term reference pictures is signaled in tile group header.

TABLE 31 Descriptor ref_pic_list_struct( listIdx, rplsIdx ) {  num_ref_entries_minus1[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ] ue(v)  for( i = 0; i <= num_ref_entries_minus1[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ]; i++ ) {   if( long_term_ref_pics_flag )    st_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)   if( st_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ) {    abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ue(v)    if( abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] > 0 )     strp_entry_sign_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)   }  } }

TABLE 32 Descriptor tile_group_header( ) { ...  if( nal_unit_type != IDR_W_RADL && nal_unit_type != IDR_N_LP ) {   for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {    if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 0 &&         ( i = = 0 | | ( i = = 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) ) )     ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] u(1)    if( ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] ) {     if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 1 &&        ( i = = 0 | | ( i = = 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) ) )       ref_pic_list_idx[ i ] u(v)    } else     ref_pic_list_struct( i, num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] )    for( j = 0; j < NumLtrpEntries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]; j++ ) {      poc_lsb_lt[ i ][ j ] u(v)      delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ i ][ j ] u(1)      if( delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ i ][ j ] )      delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ j ] ue(v)    }   }   if( tile_group_type = = P | | tile_group_type = = B ) {    num_ref_idx_active_override_flag u(1)    if( num_ref_idx_active_override_flag )     for( i = 0; i < ( tile_group_type = = B ? 2: 1 ); i++ )      if( num_ref_entries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ] > 1 )       num_ref_idx_active_minus1[ i ] ue(v)   }  }

With respect to Table 31, the definitions of syntax elements num_ref_entries_minus1, st_ref_pic_flag, abs_delta_poc_st, and strp_entry_sign_flag may be the same as those provided in JVET-M1001, as described above. With respect to Table 32, the definitions of syntax elements ref_pic_list_sps_flag, ref_pic_list_idx, num_ref_idx_active_override_flag, and num_ref_idx_active_minus1 may be the same as those provided above with respect to Table 30 and the definitions of syntax elements poc_lsb_lt, delta_poc_msb_present_flag, and delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt may be as follows:

poc_lsb_lt[i][j] specifies the value of the picture order count modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb of the j-th long term reference picture in the i-th reference picture list. The length of the poc_lsb_lt[i][j] syntax element is log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4 bits. delta_poc_msb_present_flag[i][j] equal to 1 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i][j] is present.

delta_poc_msb_present_flag [i][j] equal to 0 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i][j] is not present.

delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i][j] is used to determine the value of the most significant bits of the picture order count value of the j-th long-term reference picture entry for the i-th reference picture list. When delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i][j] is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0. The variable DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[i][j] is derived as follows:

if( j = = 0 )  DeltaPocMsbCycleLt [ i ][ j ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ j ] else  DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ i ][ j ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ j ] + DeltaPocMsbCycleLt [ i ][ j − 1 ] FullPocLt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ]][ j ] = PicOrderCntVal − DeltaPocMsbCycleLt [ i ][ j ] * MaxPicOrderCntLsb −   ( PicOrderCntVal & ( MaxPicOrderCntLsb − 1 ) ) + poc_lsb_lt[ i ][   RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ]

A non-IDR picture may be defined as follows:

-   -   non-IDR picture: A coded picture that is not an IDR picture.

When the information is signaled as described above in tile group header the decoding process for reference picture lists construction may be as follows:

This process is invoked at the beginning of the decoding process for each tile group of a non-IDR picture. Reference pictures are addressed through reference indices. A reference index is an index into a reference picture list. When decoding an I tile group, no reference picture list is used in decoding of the tile group data. When decoding a P tile group, only reference picture list 0 (i.e., RefPicList[0]), is used in decoding of the tile group data. When decoding a B tile group, both reference picture list 0 and reference picture list 1 (i.e., RefPicList[1]) are used in decoding of the tile group data.

At the beginning of the decoding process for each tile group of a non-IDR picture, the reference picture lists RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] are derived. The reference picture lists are used in marking of reference pictures or in decoding of the tile group data.

NOTE 1—For an I tile group of a non-IDR picture that it is not the first tile group of the picture, RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] may be derived for bitstream conformance checking purpose, but their derivation is not necessary for decoding of the current picture or pictures following the current picture in decoding order. For a P tile group that it is not the first tile group of a picture, RefPicList[1] may be derived for bitstream conformance checking purpose, but its derivation is not necessary for decoding of the current picture or pictures following the current picture in decoding order.

The reference picture lists RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] are constructed as follows:

for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {   for( j = 0, k = 0, pocBase = PicOrderCntVal; j < num_ref_entries[   i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]; j++) {    if( st_ref_pic_flag[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] ) {     RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ] = pocBase − DeltaPocSt[ i ][ RplsIdx[     i ] ][ j ]     if( there is a reference picture pic A in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal equal to RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ] )     RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA     else     RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”     pocBase = RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ]    } else {     if( !delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ k ] ) {     if( there is a reference picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal & ( MaxPicOrderCntLsb − 1 )        equal to poc_lsb_lt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ k ] )      RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA     else      RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”     } else {     if( there is a reference picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal       equal to FullPocLt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ k ] )      RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA     else      RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”    }     k++   }  } }

-   -   For each i equal to 0 or 1, the first NumRefIdxActive[i] entries         in RefPicList[i] are referred to as the active entries in         RefPicList[i], and the other entries in RefPicList[i] are         referred to as the inactive entries in RefPicList[i].

In one example, all the information about long-term reference pictures may be signaled in reference picture list syntax structure. This can simplify parsing by collocating all the information. Additionally, this can provide bit savings by including this information in the SPS in the candidate list structures. Thus, this information does not need to be repeated in tile group headers. Table 33 and Table 34 illustrate an example where all the information about long-term reference pictures may be signaled in reference picture list syntax structure.

TABLE 33 Descriptor ref_pic_list_struct( listIdx, rplsIdx ) {  num_ref_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ] ue(v)  for( i = 0, j=0; i < num_ref_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ]; i++) {   if( long_term_ref_pics_flag )    st_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)   if( st_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ) {    abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ue(v)    if( abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] > 0 )     strp_entry_sign_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)   } else {    poc_lsb_lt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j ] u(v)    delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j ] u(1)    if( delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j ] )     delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j ] ue(v)    j=j+1   }  } }

TABLE 34 Descriptor tile_group_header( ) { ...  if( nal_unit_type != IDR_W_RADL && nal_unit_type != IDR_N_LP ) {   for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {    if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 0 &&         ( i = = 0 | | ( i = = 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) ) )     ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] u(1)    if( ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] ) {     if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 1 &&        ( i = = 0 | | ( i = = 1 && rpl1_idx_preserrt_flag ) ) )       ref_pic_list_idx[ i ] u(v)    } else     ref_pic_list_struct( i, num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] )    }   }   if( tile_group_type = = P | | tile_group_type = = B ) {    num_ref_idx_active_override_flag u(1)    if( num_ref_idx_active_override_flag )     for( i = 0; i < ( tile_group_type = = B ? 2: 1 ); i++ )      if( num_ref_entries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ] > 1 )       num_ref_idx_active_minus1[ i ] ue(v)   }  }

With respect to Table 33 and Table 35, the definitions of syntax elements num_ref_entries_minus1, st_ref_pic_flag, abs_delta_poc_st, and strp_entry_sign_flag may be the same as described above with respect to Table 31 and the definitions of syntax elements poc_lsb_lt, delta_poc_msb_present_flag, and delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt may be as provided above with respect to Table 32 or may be as follows:

poc_lsb_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][j] specifies the value of the picture order count modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb of the j-th long-term reference picture referred to by the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure. The length of the poc_lsb_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][j] syntax element is log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4 bits. delta_poc_msb_present_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][j] equal to 1 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][j] is present. delta_poc_msb_present_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][j] equal to 0 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][j] is not present. delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][j] is used to determine the value of the most significant bits of the picture order count value of the j-th long-term reference picture entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure. When delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][j] is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0.

The variable DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[listIdx][rplsIdx][j] is derived as follows:

 if( j = = 0 )   DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j ] =   delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j ]  else   DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j ] =  delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j ] +  DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j − 1 ] FullPocLt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] = PicOrderCntVal − DeltaPocMsbCycleLt [ i ][ j ] * MaxPicOrderCntLsb − ( PicOrderCntVal & ( MaxPicOrderCntLsb − 1 ) ) + poc_lsb_lt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ]

With respect to Table 34, the definitions of syntax elements ref_pic_list_sps_flag, ref_pic_list_idx, num_ref_idx_active_override_flag, and num_ref_idx_active_minus1 may be the same as those provided above with respect to Table 30.

When the information is signaled as described above in reference picture list structure the decoding process for reference picture lists construction may be as follows: This process is invoked at the beginning of the decoding process for each tile group of a non-IDR picture. Reference pictures are addressed through reference indices. A reference index is an index into a reference picture list. When decoding an I tile group, no reference picture list is used in decoding of the tile group data. When decoding a P tile group, only reference picture list 0 (i.e., RefPicList[0]), is used in decoding of the tile group data. When decoding a B tile group, both reference picture list 0 and reference picture list 1 (i.e., RefPicList[1]) are used in decoding of the tile group data.

At the beginning of the decoding process for each tile group of a non-IDR picture, the reference picture lists RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] are derived. The reference picture lists are used in marking of reference pictures or in decoding of the tile group data.

NOTE 1—For an I tile group of a non-IDR picture that it is not the first tile group of the picture, RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] may be derived for bitstream conformance checking purpose, but their derivation is not necessary for decoding of the current picture or pictures following the current picture in decoding order. For a P tile group that it is not the first tile group of a picture, RefPicList[1] may be derived for bitstream conformance checking purpose, but its derivation is not necessary for decoding of the current picture or pictures following the current picture in decoding order.

The reference picture lists RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] are constructed as follows:

for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {   for( j = 0, k = 0, pocBase = PicOrderCntVal; j < num_ref_entries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]; j++) {    if( st_ref_pic_flag[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] ) {    RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ] = pocBase − DeltaPocSt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ]    if( there is a reference picture picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal equal to RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ] )    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA    else    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”    } else {    if( !delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ k ] ) {    if( there is a reference picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal & ( MaxPicOrderCntLsb − 1 )     equal to poc_lsb_lt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ k ] )    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA    else    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”    } else {    if( there is a reference picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal equal to     FullPocLt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ k ] )    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA    else    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”   }    k++   }  } }

For each i equal to 0 or 1, the first NumRefIdxActive[i] entries in RefPicList[i] are referred to as the active entries in RefPicList[i], and the other entries in RefPicList[i] are referred to as the inactive entries in RefPicList[i].

Further, in one example, where all the information about long-term reference pictures is be signaled in reference picture list syntax structure provided in Table 34 may be modified as provided in Table 35.

TABLE 35 Descriptor ref_pic_list_struct( listIdx, rplsIdx ) {  num_ref_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ] ue(v)  for( i = 0, j=0; i < num_ref_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ]; i++) {   if( long_term_ref_pics_flag )     st_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)    if( st_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ) {     abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ue(v)     if( abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] > 0 )      strp_entry_sign_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)    } else {     poc_lsb_lt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j ] u(v)     delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j ] u(1)     if( delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j ] ) {      delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j ] ue(v)      j=j+1    }  } }

In one example, the location of the information about reference pictures may be controlled by a flag. Thus, the information about short-term reference pictures is signaled in the reference picture list syntax structure and information about long-term reference pictures may be signaled in the reference picture list syntax structure or in tile group header. This allows reuse of a candidate short-term reference picture structure while providing long-term reference picture information at the time of use (in tile group header). Table 36 and Table 37 illustrate an example where the information about reference pictures is controlled by a flag.

TABLE 36 Descriptor ref_pic_list_struct( listIdx, rplsIdx ) {  num_ref_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ] ue(v)  if( long_term_ref_pics_flag )     ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ] u(1)  for( i = 0, j=0; i < num_ref_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ]; i++) {   if( long_term_ref_pics_flag )     st_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)    if( st_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ) {     abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ue(v)     if( abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] > 0 )      strp_entry_sign_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)    } else if(!ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ]) {     poc_lsb_lt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ 

 j ] u(v)     delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ 

 j ] u(1)     if( delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ 

 j ] )      delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ 

 j ] ue(v)     j=j+1    }  } }

TABLE 37 Descriptor tile_group_header( ) { ...  if( nal_unit_type != IDR_W_RADL && nal_unit_type != IDR_N_LP ) {   for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {     if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 0 &&          ( i = = 0 | | ( i = = 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) ) )      ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] u(1)     if( ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] ) {      if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 1 &&         ( i = = 0 | | ( i = = 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) ) )        ref_pic_list_idx[ i ] u(v)     } else      ref_pic_list_struct( i, num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] )     if(ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]) {     for( j = 0; j < NumLtrpEntries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]; j++ ) {       poc_lsb_lt[ i ][ j ] u(v)       delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ i ][ j ] u(1)       if( delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ i ][ j ] )        delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ j ] ue(v)     }    }   }   if(tile_group_type = = P | | tile_group_type = = B ) {     num_ref_idx_active_override_flag u(1)     if( num_ref_idx_active_override_flag )      for( i = 0; i < (tile_group_type = = B ? 2: 1 ); i++ )       if( num_ref_entries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ] > 1 )        num_ref_idx_active_minus1[ i ] ue(v)   }  }

With respect to Tables 36, the definitions of syntax elements num_ref_entries_minus1, st_ref_pic_flag, abs_delta_poc_st, and strp_entry_sign_flag may be the same as described above with respect to Table 31 and the definitions of syntax elements poc_lsb_lt, delta_poc_msb_present_flag, and delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt may be as provided above with respect to Table 32. The definition of syntax elements ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag may be as follows:

ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx] equal to 1 specifies that the long-term reference picture information for the listIdx-th list for the rplsIdx-th reference picture list is signaled in the tile group header. ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx] equal to 0 specifies that the long-term reference picture information for the listIdx-th list for the rplsIdx-th reference picture list is signaled in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure. When not present, the value of ltp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx] is inferred to be equal to 0.

In another example, when not present, the value of ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx] is inferred to be equal to 1.

With respect to Table 37, the definitions of common syntax elements may be as described above and the definitions of syntax elements delta_poc_msb_present_flag, and delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt may be as provided below.

delta_poc_msb_present_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][j] equal to 1 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][j] is present. delta_poc_msb_present_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][j] equal to 0 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][j] is not present.

delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][j] is used to determine the value of the most significant bits of the picture order count value of the j-th long-term reference picture entry in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure. When delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][j] is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0.

The variable DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[listIdx][rplsIdx][j] is derived as follows:

if( j = = 0 )  DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j ] else  DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j ] + DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j − 1 ] FullPocLt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] = PicOrderCntVal − DeltaPocMsbCycleLt [ i ][ j ] * MaxPicOrderCntLsb −  ( PicOrderCntVal & ( MaxPicOrderCntLsb − 1 ) ) + poc_lsb_lt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ]

When the information is signaled as described above controlled by a flag the decoding process for reference picture lists construction may be as follows:

This process is invoked at the beginning of the decoding process for each tile group of a non-IDR picture. Reference pictures are addressed through reference indices. A reference index is an index into a reference picture list. When decoding an I tile group, no reference picture list is used in decoding of the tile group data. When decoding a P tile group, only reference picture list 0 (i.e., RefPicList[0]), is used in decoding of the tile group data. When decoding a B tile group, both reference picture list 0 and reference picture list 1 (i.e., RefPicList[1]) are used in decoding of the tile group data.

At the beginning of the decoding process for each tile group of a non-IDR picture, the reference picture lists RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] are derived. The reference picture lists are used in marking of reference pictures or in decoding of the tile group data.

NOTE 1—For an I tile group of a non-IDR picture that it is not the first tile group of the picture, RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] may be derived for bitstream conformance checking purpose, but their derivation is not necessary for decoding of the current picture or pictures following the current picture in decoding order. For a P tile group that it is not the first tile group of a picture, RefPicList[1] may be derived for bitstream conformance checking purpose, but its derivation is not necessary for decoding of the current picture or pictures following the current picture in decoding order.

The reference picture lists RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] are constructed as follows:

for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {   for( j = 0, k = 0, pocBase = PicOrderCntVal; j < num_ref_entries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]; j++) {    if( st_ref_pic_flag[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] ) {    RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ] = pocBase − DeltaPocSt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ]    if( there is a reference picture picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal equal to RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ] )    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA    else    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”    pocBase = RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ]    } else {    if( !delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ k ] ) {    if( there is a reference picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal & ( MaxPicOrderCntLsb − 1 )     equal to poc_lsb_lt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ k ] )    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA    else    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”    } else {    if( there is a reference picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal equal to     FullPocLt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ k ] )    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA    else    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”   }    k++   }  } }

For each i equal to 0 or 1, the first NumRefIdxActive[i] entries in RefPicList[i] are referred to as the active entries in RefPicList[i], and the other entries in RefPicList[i] are referred to as the inactive entries in RefPicList[i].

Further, in one example, where the location of the information about reference pictures may be controlled by a flag the syntax structure provided in Table 36 may be modified as provided in Table 38.

TABLE 38 Descriptor ref_pic_list_struct( listIdx, rplsIdx ) {  num_ref_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ] ue(v)  if( long_term_ref_pics_flag )    ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ] u(1)  for( i = 0, j=0; i < num_ref_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ]; i++) {   if( long_term_ref_pics_flag )    st_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)   if( st_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ) {    abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ue(v)    if( abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] > 0 )     strp_entry_sign_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)   } else if(!ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ]) {    poc_lsb_lt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j ] u(v)    delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j ] u(1)    if( delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j ] ) {     delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j ] ue(v)     j=j+1   }  } }

As described above, in one example, syntax element, delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i][j] specifies the value of the variable FullPocLt[i][j] as follows:

if( j = = 0 ) deltaMsbCycle[ i ][ j ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ i ] else deltaMsbCycle[ i ][ j ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ j ] + deltaMsbCycle[ i ][ j − 1 ] FullPocLt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] = PicOrderCntVal − deltaMsbCycle[ i ][ j ] * MaxPicOrderCntLsb − ( PicOrderCntVal & ( MaxPicOrderCntLsb − 1 ) ) + poc_lsb_lt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ]

The variable FullPocLt[i][j] is used for a decoding process for reference picture list construction. In one example, according to the techniques herein, syntax element, delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i][j] may specify the value of the variable FullPocLt[i][j] as follows:

if( j = = 0 )  deltaMsbCycle[ i ][ j ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ j ] else  deltaMsbCycle[ i ][ j ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ j ] + deltaMsbCycle[ i ][ j − 1 ] for(k = 0, m= 0; k < num_ref_entries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]; k++) {  if(!st_ref_pic_flag[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ k ])  m++  if(m==j)  break; } FullPocLt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] = PicOrderCntVal − deltaMsbCycle[ i ][ j ] * MaxPicOrderCntLsb −  ( PicOrderCntVal & ( MaxPicOrderCntLsb − 1 ) ) + poc_lsb_lt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ k ]

It should be noted that in the specifying FullPocLt[i][j] as provided the poc_lsb_lt[i][RplsIdx[i]][k] value, where k index is found in the i-th reference picture list (e.g., with i in the range of 0 to 1, inclusive, i.e., for one or two reference picture lists), is used for the selected reference picture list index (e.g. RplsIdx[i]) as follows:

-   -   The reference picture list is parsed starting with the first         entry (which may be called 0'th entry if using zero-index based         arrays) and initializing a first index to zero.     -   When traversing the list starting with the first entry, every         time the short-term reference picture flag for an entry (e.g.,         st_ref_pic_flag[i][RplsIdx[i]][k]) is equal to zero (which         indicates that it is a long-term reference picture), the said         first index is incremented by 1.     -   When the said first index is equal to the index of the long-term         reference picture index (e.g., j) in the tile group loop         signaling delta POC msb information, the current position in the         reference picture list is noted into a second index.     -   The poc_lsb_lt value signaled (poc_lsb_lt[i][RplsIdx[i]][k])         e.g., in the reference picture list corresponding to this second         index position (k) is used for the calculation of the full POC         of the long-term reference picture (e.g.         FullPocLt[i][RplsIdx[i]][j]).

Thus, in general, according to the technique herein, a full long term POC value may be determined by determining a picture in a reference picture list is a long term reference picture (i.e., as opposed to a short term picture) and for each long term reference picture calculating a full long term POC value based on a delta value corresponding to each respective long term pictures, where a delta values corresponding to a respective long term picture is determined relative to a previous determined delta value.

Also, as described above in WET-M1001, semantics and constraints related to

delta_poc_msb_present_flag[i][j] may be as follows:

delta_poc_msb_present_flag[i][j] equal to 1 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i][j] is present. delta_poc_msb_present_flag[i][j] equal to 0 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i][j] is not present. Let prevTid0Pic be the previous picture in decoding order that has TemporalId equal to 0 and is not a RASL or RADL picture. Let setOfPrevPocVals be a set consisting of the following:

-   -   the PicOrderCntVal of prevTid0Pic,     -   the PicOrderCntVal of each picture referred to by entries in         RefPicList[0] and entries in RefPicList[1] of prevTid0Pic,     -   the PicOrderCntVal of each picture that follows prevTid0Pic in         decoding order and precedes the current picture in decoding         order.

When there is more than one value in setOfPrevPocVals for which the value modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb is equal to poc_lsb_lt[i][RplsIdx[i]][j], the value of delta_poc_msb_present_flag[i][j] shall be equal to 1.

In one example, according to the techniques herein, semantics and constraints related to syntax element,

delta_poc_msb_present_flag[i][j] may be as follows:

delta_poc_msb_present_flag[i][j] equal to 1 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i][j] is present.

delta_poc_msb_present_flag[i][j] equal to 0 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i][j] is not present. Let prevTid0Pic be the previous picture in decoding order that has TemporalId equal to 0 and is not a RASL or RADL picture. Let setOfPrevPocVals be a set consisting of the following:

-   -   the PicOrderCntVal of prevTid0Pic,     -   the PicOrderCntVal of each picture referred to by entries in         RefPicList[0] and entries in RefPicList[1] of prevTid0Pic,     -   the PicOrderCntVal of each picture that follows prevTid0Pic in         decoding order and precedes the current picture in decoding         order.

A variable k is calculated as follows:

for(k = 0, m= 0; k < num_ref_entries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]; k++) {  if(!st_ref_pic_flag[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ k ])   m++  if(m==j)   break; }

When there is more than one value in setOfPrevPocVals for which the value modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb is equal to poc_lsb_lt[i][RplsIdx[i]][k], the value of delta_poc_msb_present_flag[i][j] shall be equal to 1.

Furthermore, the correct index k may be used for long-term reference pictures for decoding process for reference picture lists construction as follows:

This process is invoked at the beginning of the decoding process for each tile group of a non-IDR picture. Reference pictures are addressed through reference indices. A reference index is an index into a reference picture list. When decoding an 1 tile group, no reference picture list is used in decoding of the tile group data. When decoding a P tile group, only reference picture list 0 (i.e., RefPicList[0]), is used in decoding of the tile group data. When decoding a B tile group, both reference picture list 0 and reference picture list 1 (i.e., RefPicList[1]) are used in decoding of the tile group data.

At the beginning of the decoding process for each tile group of a non-IDR picture, the reference picture lists RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] are derived. The reference picture lists are used in marking of reference pictures or in decoding of the tile group data.

NOTE 1—For an I tile group of a non-IDR picture that it is not the first tile group of the picture, RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] may be derived for bitstream conformance checking purpose, but their derivation is not necessary for decoding of the current picture or pictures following the current picture in decoding order. For a P tile group that it is not the first tile group of a picture, RefPicList[1] may be derived for bitstream conformance checking purpose, but its derivation is not necessary for decoding of the current picture or pictures following the current picture in decoding order.

The reference picture lists RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] are constructed as follows:

for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {  for( j = 0, k = 0, pocBase = PicOrderCntVal; j < num_ref_entries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]; j++) {  if( st_ref_pic_flag[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] ) {   RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ] = pocBase − DeltaPocSt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ]   if( there is a reference picture picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal equal to RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ] )   RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA   else   RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”   pocBase = RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ]  } else {   if( !delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ k ] ) {   if( there is a reference picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal & ( MaxPicOrderCntLsb − 1 )     equal to poc_lsb_lt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ k ] )    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA   else    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”   } else {   if( there is a reference picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal equal to     FullPocLt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ k ] )    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA   else    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”   }   k++   }  } }

In one example, according to the techniques herein, conditional signaling may be used for signaling of num_ref_idx_active_override_flag in a tile group header. An inference rule may be used when this flag is not signaled. This conditional signaling can save one bit in each tile group header of a P and B tile group type. In one example, the syntax element num_ref_idx_active_override_flag may not be signaled if one of the following conditions is true:

-   -   If tile group type is P tile group and number of reference         entries for the selected reference picture list (list 0) is less         than or equal to 1 and if number of reference index default         active minus1 is equal to 0; OR

If tile group type is B tile group and number of reference entries for both the selected reference picture lists (list 0 and list 1) is less than or equal to 1 each and if number of reference index default active minus1 is equal to 0.

Otherwise, the syntax element num_ref_idx_active_override_flag may be signalled. The value for num_ref_idx_active_override_flag when it is not signaled can be inferred in the above case because the inference results in the same value for the calculation of NumRefIdxActive[i] with or without signaling.

In another example, the syntax element num_ref_idx_active_override_flag may not be signaled if one of the following conditions is true:

-   -   If tile group type is P tile group and number of reference         entries for the selected reference picture list (list 0) is         equal to 1 and if number of reference index default active         minus1 is equal to 0; OR     -   If tile group type is B tile group and number of reference         entries for both the selected reference picture lists (list 0         and list 1) is equal to 1 each and if number of reference index         default active minus1 is equal to 0.

Otherwise the syntax element num_ref_idx_active_override_flag may be signalled. The value for num_ref_idx_active_override_flag when it is not signaled can be inferred in the above case because the inference results in the same value for the calculation of NumRefIdxActive[i] with or without signaling.

Further, when num_ref_idx_active_override_flag is not signaled its value is inferred. Table 39 illustrates an example syntax of a tile group header when num_ref_idx_active_override_flag is conditionally signaled according to this example.

TABLE 39 Descriptor tile_group_header( ) { . . .  if( nal_unit_type != IRAP_NUT ) {   for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {    if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 0 &&         (i == 0 || (i == 1 && rpl1_jdx_present_flag ) ) )     ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] u(1)    if( ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] ) {     if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 1 &&        ( i == 0 || ( i == 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) ) )       ref_pic_list_idx[ i ] u(v)     } else      ref_pic_list_struct( i, num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] )     for( j = 0; j < NumLtrpEntries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]; j++ ) {      delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ i ][ j ] u(1)      if( delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ i ][ j ] )       delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ j ] ue(v)    }   }   if( tile_group_type == P || tile_group_type == B ) {    if( (tile_group_type ==P && (num_ref_entries[ 0 ][ RplsIdx[ 0 ] ] > 1 ∥ num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[ 0 ] != 0)) ∥ (tile_group_type == B && (num_ref_entries[ 0 ][ RplsIdx[ 0 ] ] > 1 ∥ num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[ 0 ] != 0 ∥ num_ref_entries[ 1 ][ RplsIdx[ 1 ] ] > 1 ∥ num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[ 1 ] != 0) )    num_ref_idx_active_override_flag u(1)   if( num_ref_idx_active_override_flag )    for( i = 0; i < ( tile_group_type == B ? 2: 1); i++ )     if( num_ref_entries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ] > 1 )      num_ref_idx_active_minus1[ i ] ue(v)   }  } . . . }

For Table 39, the semantics of syntax elements may be as provided above. For syntax element num_ref_idx_active_override_flag, the following semantics may be used:

num_ref_idx_active_override_flag equal to 1 specifies that the syntax element num_ref_idx_active_minus1[0] is present for P and B tile groups and that the syntax element num_ref_idx_active_minus1[1] is present for B tile groups. num_ref_idx_active_override_flag equal to 0 specifies that the syntax elements num_ref_idx_active_minus1[0] and num_ref_idx_active minus1 [1] are not present. When not present num_ref_idx_active_override_flag is inferred to be equal to 1. In another example: When not present num_ref_idx_activeoverride_flag is inferred to be equal to 0.

Further, it should be noted that the condition:

-   -   if((tile_group_type==P && (num_ref_entries[0][RplsIdx[0]]>1∥         num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[0]!=0)) (tile_group_type==B &&         (num_ref_entries[0][RplsIdx[0]]>1∥num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[0]         !=0∥ num_ref_entries[1][RplsIdx[1]]>1         num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[1]!=0))         may be expressed using equivalent Boolean expressions. For         example, it instead may be expressed as:     -   if((num_ref_entries[0][RplsIdx[0]]>1∥num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[0]!=0)∥         (tile_group_type==B && (num_ref_entries[1][RplsIdx[1]]>1∥         num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[1]!=0))

In another variant, the above condition may be modified as follows:

-   -   if((tile_group_type==P && (num_ref_entries[0][RplsIdx[0]]!=1∥         num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[0]!=0))∥(tile_group_type==B &&         (num_ref_entries[0][RplsIdx[0]]!=1∥num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[0]!=0         num_ref_entries[1][RplsIdx[1]] !=1         !!num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[1] !=0))

Here, instead of checking number of reference entries in a list is greater than 1, a strict check is made to check if they are not exactly equal to 1.

In yet another variant, the condition may be modified as follows:

-   -   if((num_ref_entries[0][RplsIdx[0]]!=1∥num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[0]!=0)∥         (tile_group_type==B && (num_ref_entries[1][RplsIdx[1]]!=1∥         num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[1] !=0)) Here instead of         checking number of reference entries in a list is greater than         1, a strict check is made to check if they are not exactly equal         to 1.

In yet another variant, the condition may be modified as follows:

-   -   if((num_ref_entries[0][RplsIdx[0]]>∥(tile_group_type==B &&         (num_ref_entries[1][RplsIdx[1]]>1))

In yet another variant, the following two lines of syntax in Table 39

 if( tile_group_type == P || tile_group_type == B ) {   if( (tile_group_type == P && (num_ref_entries[ 0 ][ RplsIdx[ 0 ] ] > 1 ∥ num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[ 0 ] != 0)) ∥ (tile_group_type == B && (num_ref_entries[ 0 ][ RplsIdx[ 0 ] ] > 1 ∥ num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[ 0 ] !=0 ∥ num_ref_entries[ 1 ][ RplsIdx[ 1 ] ] > 1 ∥ num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[ 1 ] != 0) ) may be replaced with the following lines of syntax:

 if( (tile_group_type != I && num_ref_entries[ 0 ][ RplsIdx[ 0 ] ] > 1 ) ∥ (tile_group_type == B && (num_ref_entries[ 1 ][ RplsIdx[ 1 ] ] > 1) ) { OR may be replaced with the following lines of syntax, when not present num_ref_entries[1][RplsIdx[1]] is inferred to be equal to 1:

 if( (tile_group_type != I && (num_ref_entries[ 0 ][ RplsIdx[ 0 ] ] > 1 ∥ num_ref_entries[ 1 ][ RplsIdx[ 1 ] ] > 1) ) ) {

Thus the overall syntax part may be as follows:

Descriptor tile_group_header( ) {  tile_group_pic_parameter_set_id ue(v)  if( rect_tile_group_flag || NumTilesInPic > 1 )   tile_group_address u(v)  if( !rect_tile_group_flag && !single_tile_per_tile_group_flag )   num_tiles_in_tile_group_minus1 ue(v)  tile_group_type ue(v)  tile_group_pic_order_cnt_lsb u(v)  if( nal_unit_type != IRAP_NUT ) {   for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {    if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 0 &&       (i == 0 || (i == 1 &&     rpl1_jdx_present_flag ) ) )    ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] u(1)   if( ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] ) {    if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 1 &&       ( i == 0 || ( i == 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) ) )      ref_pic_list_idx[ i ] u(v)   } else     ref_pic_list_struct( i, num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ])    for( j = 0; j < NumLtrpEntries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]; j++ ) {     delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ i ][ j] u(1)     if( delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ i ][ j ] )      delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ j ] ue(v)    }   }    if( (tile_group_type != I && num_ref_entries[ 0 ][ RplsIdx[ 0 ] ] > 1) ∥ (tile_group_type == B && num_ref_entries[ 1 ][ RplsIdx[ 1 ] ] > 1)) {     num_ref_idx_active_override_flag u(1)    if( num_ref_idx_active_override_flag )     for( i = 0; i < ( tile_group_type == B ? 2: 1 ); i++ )      if( num_ref_entries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ] > 1 )       num_ref idx_active_minus1[ i ] ue(v)   }  } . . . }

In yet another variant, the following lines of syntax in Table 39

 if( tile_group_type == P || tile_group_type == B ) {   if( (tile_group_type == P && (num_ref_entries[ 0 ][ RplsIdx[ 0 ] ] > 1 ∥ num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[ 0] != 0)) ∥ (tile_group_type == B && (num_ref_entries[ 0 ][ RpIsIdx[ 0 ] ] > 1 ∥ num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[ 0 ] != 0 ∥ num_ref_entries[ 1 ][ RpIsIdx[ 1 ] ] >1 ∥ num_ref_idx_default_active_minus1[ 1 ] != 0) )    num_ref_idx_active_override_flag u(1)   if( num_ref_idx_active_override_flag )    for( i = 0; i < ( tile_group_type == B ? 2: 1); i++ )     if( num_ref entries[ i ][ RpIsIdx[ i ] ] > 1 )      num_ref_idx_active_minus1[ i ] ue(v)  } may be replaced with the following lines of syntax:

                         {   if( (tile_group_type != I && num_ref_entries[ 0 ][ RplsIdx[ 0 ] ] >= 1 ) ∥ (tile_group_type == B && (num_ref_entries[ 1 ][ RplsIdx[ 1 ] ] >= 1) )     num_ref_idx_active_override_flag u(1)    if( num_ref_idx_active_override_flag ) {      if( num_ref_entries[ 0 ][ RplsIdx[ 0 ] ] > 1 )       num_ref_idx_active_minus1[ 0 ] ue(v)      if( num_ref_entries[ 1 ][ RplsIdx[ 1 ] ] > 1 )       num_ref_idx_active_minus1[ 1 ] ue(v)    }   }  } OR with the following lines of syntax

                          {   if( (tile_group_type != I && num_ref_entries[ 0 ][ RplsIdx[ 0 ] ] >= 1 ) ∥ (tile_group_type == B && (num_ref_entries[ 1 ][ RplsIdx[ 1 ] ] >= 1) )    num_ref_idx_active_override_flag u(1)     if( num_ref_idx_active_override_flag && num_ref_entries[ 0 ][ RplsIdx[ 0 ] ] > 1 )      num_ref_idx_active_minus1[ 0 ] ue(v)     if(num_ref_idx_active_override_flag && num_ref_entries[ 1 ][ RplsIdx[ 1 ] ] > 1 )      num_ref_idx_active_minus1[ 1 ] ue(v)   }  }

In one example, according to the techniques herein, the information about long-term reference pictures, including the picture order count modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb, delta poc MSB presence flag and delta poc MSB cycle information, for reference picture lists may be signaled in a manner that increases flexibility. In one example, instead of a single ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx] for a reference picture list structure, a separate flag may be signaled per long-term reference picture as ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][i]. This provides maximum flexibility in providing information about some long-term reference pictures in a reference picture list structure and information about some long-term reference pictures in a tile group header. In both cases, the information about a particular long-term reference picture is collocated in either a reference picture list structure or in a tile group header. Table 40 and Table 41 illustrate an example of a tile group header where and a reference picture list structure and a separate flag is signaled per long-term reference picture.

TABLE 40 Descriptor tile_group_header( ) { . . .  if( nal_unit_type != IRAP_NUT ) {   for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {    if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 0 && ( i == 0 || ( i == 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) ) )     ref pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] u(1)    if( ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] ) {     if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 1 &&        (i == 0 || (i == 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) ) )      ref_pic_list_idx[ i ] u(v)    }else     ref_pic_list_struct( i, num_ref_pic_lists_ in_sps[ i ] )    for( j = 0; j < NumLtrpEntries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]; j++ ) {    if(ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ] [ j ]) {      poc_lsb_lt[ i ][ j ] u(v)      delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ i ][ j ] u(1)      if( delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ i ][ j ] )       delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ j ] ue(v)     }    }   }   if(tile_group_type == P || tile_group_type == B) {    num_ref_idx_active_override_flag u(1)    if( num_ref_idx_active_override_flag )     for( i = 0; i < (tile_group_type == B ? 2: 1); i++ )      if( num_ref_entries[ i ][ RpIsIdx[ i ] ] > 1 )       num_ref_idx_active_minus1[ i ] ue(v)   }  }  . . .  byte_alignment( ) }

TABLE 41 Descriptor ref_pic_list_struct( listIdx, rplsIdx ) {  num_ref_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ] ue(v)  for( i = 0, k=0; i < num_ref_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ]; i++) {   if( long_term_ref_pics_flag )    st_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)   if( st_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ) {    abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ue(v)    if( abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] > 0)     strp_entry_sign_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)   } else {    ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[ listIdx ][ u(1) rplsIdx ][ k ]   if(!ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ k ]) {    poc_lsb_lt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][

k ] u(v)    delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ listIdx ][ u(1) rplsIdx ][ k ]    if( delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ k ] )     delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ k ] ue(v)    }    k = k + 1   }  } }

With respect to Table 40, the definitions of syntax elements may be the same as described above and the definitions of syntax elements poc_lsb_lt, delta_poc_msb_present_flag, and delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt, may be as follows:

poc_lsb_lt[i][j] specifies the value of the picture order count modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb of the j-th long term reference picture int the i-th reference picture list. The length of the poc_lsb_lt[i][j] syntax element is log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4 bits.

delta_poc_msb_present_flag[i][j] equal to 1 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][i][j] is present. delta_poc_msb_present_flag [i][j] equal to 0 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i][j] is not present.

delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i][j] is used to determine the value of the most significant bits of the picture order count value of the j-th long-term reference picture entry for the i-th reference picture list. When delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i][j] is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0.

The variable DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[i][j] is derived as follows:

if( j = = 0 )  DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ i ][ j ] = (ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ] [ j ]? delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ j ] : delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ] [ j ]) else  DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ i ][ j ] = (ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ] [ j ]? delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ j ] : delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ] [ j ])  + DeltaPocMsbCycleLt [ i ][ j − 1 ] FullPocLt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] = PicOrderCntVal − DeltaPocMsbCycleLt [ i ][ j ] * MaxPicOrderCntLsb − ( PicOrderCntVal & ( MaxPicOrderCntLsb − 1 ) ) + poc_lsb_lt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ]

With respect to Table 41, the definitions of syntax elements may be the same as described above and the definitions of syntax elements ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag, delta_poc_msb_present_flag, delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt, may be as follows:

ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][k] equal to 1 specifies that the long-term reference picture information for the listIdx-th list for the rplsIdx-th reference picture list for the k-th long-term reference picture is signaled in the tile group header. ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][k] equal to 0 specifies that the long-term reference picture information for the listIdx-th list for the rplsIdx-th reference picture list for the k-th long-term reference picture is signaled in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure. When not present, the value of ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][k] is inferred to be equal to 0. In another example, when not present, the value of ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][k] is inferred to be equal to 1.

delta_poc_msb_present_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][k] equal to 1 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][k] is present. delta_poc_msb_present_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx][k] equal to 0 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][k] is not present.

delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][k] is used to determine the value of the most significant bits of the picture order count value of the k-th long-term reference picture in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure. When delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][k] is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0.

Further, with respect to Table 40 and Table 41, the following decoding process for reference picture lists construction may be used: This process is invoked at the beginning of the decoding process for each tile group of a non-IRAP picture. Reference pictures are addressed through reference indices. A reference index is an index into a reference picture list. When decoding an I tile group, no reference picture list is used in decoding of the tile group data. When decoding a P tile group, only reference picture list 0 (i.e., RefPicList[0]), is used in decoding of the tile group data. When decoding a B tile group, both reference picture list 0 and reference picture list 1 (i.e., RefPicList[1]) are used in decoding of the tile group data.

At the beginning of the decoding process for each tile group of a non-IRAP picture, the reference picture lists RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] are derived. The reference picture lists are used in marking of reference pictures or in decoding of the tile group data.

NOTE 1—For an I tile group of a non-IRAP picture that it is not the first tile group of the picture, RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] may be derived for bitstream conformance checking purpose, but their derivation is not necessary for decoding of the current picture or pictures following the current picture in decoding order. For a P tile group that it is not the first tile group of a picture, RefPicList[1] may be derived for bitstream conformance checking purpose, but its derivation is not necessary for decoding of the current picture or pictures following the current picture in decoding order.

The reference picture lists RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] are constructed as follows:

for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {   for( j = 0, k = 0, pocBase = PicOrderCntVal; j < num_ref_entries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]; j++) {    if( st_ref_pic_flag[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] ) {    RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ] = pocBase − DeltaPocSt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ]    if( there is a reference picture picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal equal to RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ] )    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA    else    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”    pocBase = RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ]    } else {    if( !delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ k ] ) {    if( there is a reference picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal & ( MaxPicOrderCntLsb − 1 ) equal to poc_lsb_lt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ k ] )    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA    else    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”    } else {    if( there is a reference picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal equal to     FullPocLt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ k ] )    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA    else    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”   }    k++   }  } }

For each i equal to 0 or 1, the first NumRefIdxActive[i] entries in RefPicList[i] are referred to as the active entries in RefPicList[i], and the other entries in RefPicList[i] are referred to as the inactive entries in RefPicList[i].

In one example, all long-term reference picture information, including the position of the long-term reference pictures in the reference picture list is signaled in tile group header. Table 42 and Table 43 illustrate an example of a tile group header and a reference picture list structure and where all long-term reference picture information is signaled in the tile group header.

TABLE 42 Descriptor tile_group_header( ) { . . .  if( nal_unit_type != IRAP_NUT ) {   for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {    if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ 1 ] > 0 &&       (i == 0 || (i == 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) ) )     ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] u(1)    if( ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] ) {     if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 1 &&       ( i == 0 || ( i == 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) ) )      ref_pic_list_idx[ i ] u(v)    } else     ref_pic_list_struct( i, num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] )     if( long_term_ref_pics_flag ) {      num_long_term_pics[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]    for( j = 0; j < num_long_term_pics[ i ][ RpIsIdx[ i ] ]); j++ ) {      poc_lsb_lt[ i ][ j ] u(v)     delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ i ][ j ] u(1)     if( delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ i ][ j ] )      delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ j ] ue(v)    }   }  }  if(tile_group_type == P || tile_group_type == B ) {   num_ref_idx_active_override_flag u(1)   if( num_ref_idx_active_override_flag )    for( i = 0; i < (tile_group_type ==B ? 2: 1); i++ )     if( num_ref entries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ] > 1 )      num_ref_idx_active_minus1[ i ] ue(v)   }  } . . .  byte_alignment( ) }

TABLE 43 Descriptor ref_pic_list_struct( listIdx, rplsIdx ) {  num_ref_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ] ue(v)  for( i = 0; i < num_ref entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ]; i++) {   abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ue(v)   if( abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] > 0 )    strp_entry_sign_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)  } }

With respect to Table 42, the definitions of syntax elements may be the same as described above and the definitions of syntax elements num_long_term_pics, poc_lsb_lt, delta_poc_msb_present_flag, and delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt, may be as follows:

num_long_term_pics[i][RplsIdx[i]] indicates the number of long-term reference pictures in the i-th reference picture list corresponding to the RplsIdx[i] index. When not present num_long_term_pics[i][RplsIdx[i]] is inferred to be equal to 0.

In a variant num_long_term_pics[i][RplsIdx[i]] may instead be called num_long_term_pics[i] with following semantics.

num_long_term_pics[i] indicates the number of long-term reference pictures in the i-th reference picture list. When not present num_long_term_pics[i] is inferred to be equal to 0.

poc_lsb_lt[i][j] specifies the value of the picture order count modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb of the j-th long-term reference picture in the i-th reference picture list. The length of the poc_lsb_lt[i][j] syntax element is log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4 bits.

delta_poc_msb_present_flag[i][j] equal to 1 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][i][j] is present. delta_poc_msb_present_flag [i][j] equal to 0 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt [i][j] is not present.

delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt [i][j] is used to determine the value of the most significant bits of the picture order count value of the j-th long-term reference picture for the i-th reference picture list. When delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i][j] is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0. The variable DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[i][j] is derived as follows:

if( j = = 0 )  DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ i ][ j ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ j ] else  DeltaPocMsbCycleLt[ i ][ j ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ j ] + DeltaPocMsbCycleLt [ i ][ j − 1 ] FullPocLt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] = PicOrderCntVal − DeltaPocMsbCycleLt [ i ][ j ] * MaxPicOrderCntLsb −  ( PicOrderCntVal & ( MaxPicOrderCntLsb − 1 ) ) + poc_lsb_lt[ i ][ j ]

With respect to Table 43, the definitions of syntax elements may be the same as described above and the definition of syntax element num_ref_entries may be as follows:

num_ref_entries[listIdx][rplsIdx] specifies the number of short-term reference picture entries in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure.

Further, with respect to Table 42 and Table 43, the following decoding process for reference picture lists construction may be used:

This process is invoked at the beginning of the decoding process for each tile group of a non-IRAP picture. Reference pictures are addressed through reference indices. A reference index is an index into a reference picture list. When decoding an I tile group, no reference picture list is used in decoding of the tile group data. When decoding a P tile group, only reference picture list 0 (i.e., RefPicList[0]), is used in decoding of the tile group data. When decoding a B tile group, both reference picture list 0 and reference picture list 1 (i.e., RefPicList[1]) are used in decoding of the rile group data.

At the beginning of the decoding process for each tile group of a non-IRAP picture, the reference picture lists RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] are derived. The reference picture lists are used in marking of reference pictures or in decoding of the tile group data.

NOTE 1—For an I tile group of a non-IRAP picture that it is not the first tile group of the picture, RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] may be derived for bitstream conformance checking purpose, but their derivation is not necessary for decoding of the current picture or pictures following the current picture in decoding order. For a P tile group that it is not the first tile group of a picture, RefPicList[1] may be derived for bitstream conformance checking purpose, but its derivation is not necessary for decoding of the current picture or pictures following the current picture in decoding order.

The reference picture lists RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] are constructed as follows:

for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {  for( j = 0, pocBase = PicOrderCntVal; j < num_ref_entries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]; j++) {   RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ] = pocBase − DeltaPocSt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ]   if( there is a reference picture picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal equal to RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ] )    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA   else    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”   pocBase = RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ]    } for( k = 0; k < num_long_term_pics[ i ] [ RplsIdx[ i ] ]; k++) {   if( !delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ k ] ) {    if( there is a reference picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal & ( MaxPicOrderCntLsb − 1 ) equal to poc_lsb_lt[ i ][ k ] )    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA    else    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”   } else {    if( there is a reference picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal equal to     FullPocLt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ k ] )    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA    else    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”    }   } }

In one example, the location of Picture Order Count (POC) LSB information for long-term reference pictures can be controlled by a flag. Thus, the POC information about short-term reference pictures can be signaled in the reference picture list syntax structure and information about long-term reference picture POC LSB may be signaled in the reference picture list syntax structure or in tile group header i.e., collocated with the delta POC MSB presence and delta POC MSB cycle information. This allows reuse of a candidate short-term reference picture structure while providing long-term reference picture information at the time of use (in tile group header). It is asserted that such a flexibility is useful. Table 44 and Table 45 illustrate an example of a tile group header and a reference picture list structure and where long-term reference picture POC LSB information is signaled in the reference list structure or in tile group header, controlled by a flag.

TABLE 44 Descriptor tile_group_header( ) { . . .  if( nal_unit_type != IRAP_NUT ) {   for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {    if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i] > 0 &&        ( i == 0 || ( i == 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) ) )     ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] u(1)    if( ref_pic_list_sps_flag[ i ] ) {     if( num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] > 1 &&       ( i == 0 || ( i == 1 && rpl1_idx_present_flag ) ) )      ref_pic_list_idx[ i ] u(v)    } else     ref_pic_list_struct( i, num_ref_pic_lists_in_sps[ i ] )    for( j = 0; j < NumLtrpEntries[ i ][ RpIsIdx[ i ] ]; j++ ) {     if(ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ])      poc_lsb_lt[ i ][ j ] u(v)     delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ i ][ j ] u(1)     if( delta_poc_msb_present_flag[ i ][ j ] )      delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ j ] ue(v)    }   }   if(tile_group_type == P || tile_group_type == B ) {    num_ref_idx_active_override_flag u(1)    if( num_ref_idx_active_override_flag )     for( i = 0; i < tile_group_type == B ? 2: 1 ); i++ )      if( num_ref entries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ] > 1 )       num_ref_idx_active_minus1[ i ] ue(v)   }  }  . . .  byte_alignment( ) }

TABLE 45 Descriptor ref_pic list_struct( listIdx, rplsIdx ) {  num_ref_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ] ue(v)  if( long_term_ref_pics_flag )   ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ] u(1)  for( i = 0, j=0; i < num_ref_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ]; i++) {   if( long_term_ref_pics_flag )    st_ref pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)   if( st_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ]) {    abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx [ i ] ue(v)    if( abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ]> 0 )     strp_entry_sign_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)   } else if(!ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ]) {    poc_lsb_lt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j ] u(v)    j=j+1   }  } }

With respect to Table 44, the definitions of syntax elements may be the same as described above and the definitions of syntax elements poc_lsb_lt, delta_poc_msb_present_flag, and delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt, may be as follows:

poc_lsb_lt[i][j] specifies the value of the picture order count modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb of the j-th long term reference picture int the i-th reference picture list. The length of the poc_lsb_lt[i][j] syntax element is log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4 bits.

The variable PocLsbLt[i][j] is derived as follows:

PocLsbLt[i][j]=(ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[i][RplsIdx[i]]) ? poc_lsb_lt[i][j]: poc_lsb_lt[listIdx][RplsIdx[i]][j]

In one example the variable PocLsbLt[i][j] may instead be called variable PocLsbLt[i][RplsIdx[i]][j].

delta_poc_msb_present_flag[i][j] equal to 1 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i][j] is present. delta_poc_msb_present_flag[i][j] equal to 0 specifies that delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i][j] is not present. Let prevTid0Pic be the previous picture in decoding order that has TemporalId equal to 0 and is not a RASL or RADL picture. Let setOfPrevPocVals be a set consisting of the following:

-   -   the PicOrderCntVal of prevTid0Pic,     -   the PicOrderCntVal of each picture referred to by entries in         RefPicList[0] and entries in RefPicList[1] of prevTid0Pic,     -   the PicOrderCntVal of each picture that follows prevTid0Pic in         decoding order and precedes the current picture in decoding         order.

When there is more than one value in setOfPrevPocVals for which the value modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb is equal to PocLsbLt[i][j], the value of delta_poc_msb_present_flag[i][j] shall be equal to 1.

delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i][j] specifies the value of the variable FullPocLt[i][j] as follows:

if( j = = 0 )  deltaMsbCycle[ i ][ j ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ j ] else  deltaMsbCycle[ i ][ j ] = delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ j ] + deltaMsbCycle[ i ][ j − 1 ] FullPocLt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] = PicOrderCntVal − deltaMsbCycle[ i ][ j ] * MaxPicOrderCntLsb −    ( PicOrderCntVal & ( MaxPicOrderCntLsb − 1 ) ) + PocLsbLt[ i ][ j ]

The value of delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ ][j] shall be in the range of 0 to 2^((32−log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4−4)), inclusive. When not present, the value of delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[i][j] is inferred to be equal to 0.

With respect to Table 45, the definitions of syntax elements may be the same as described above and the definition of syntax element ltrp_in_tilegroup_header may be as follows:

ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx] equal to 1 specifies that the long-term reference picture Picture Order Count (POC) LSB information for the listIdx-th list for the rplsIdx-th reference picture list is signaled in the tile group header. ltrp_in_tilegroup_header_flag[listIdx][rplsIdx] equal to 0 specifies that the long-term reference picture Picture Order Count (POC) LSB LSB information for the listIdx-th list for the rplsIdx-th reference picture list is signaled in the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure.

Further, with respect to Table 44 and Table 45, the following decoding process for reference picture lists construction may be used: This process is invoked at the beginning of the decoding process for each tile group of a non-IDR picture. Reference pictures are addressed through reference indices. A reference index is an index into a reference picture list. When decoding an I tile group, no reference picture list is used in decoding of the tile group data. When decoding a P tile group, only reference picture list 0 (i.e., RefPicList[0]), is used in decoding of the tile group data. When decoding a B tile group, both reference picture list 0 and reference picture list 1 (i.e., RefPicList[1]) are used in decoding of the tile group data.

At the beginning of the decoding process for each tile group of a non-IDR picture, the reference picture lists RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] are derived. The reference picture lists are used in marking of reference pictures or in decoding of the tile group data.

NOTE 1—For an I tile group of a non-IDR picture that it is not the first tile group of the picture, RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] may be derived for bitstream conformance checking purpose, but their derivation is not necessary for decoding of the current picture or pictures following the current picture in decoding order. For a P tile group that it is not the first tile group of a picture, RefPicList[1] may be derived for bitstream conformance checking purpose, but its derivation is not necessary for decoding of the current picture or pictures following the current picture in decoding order.

The reference picture lists RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] are constructed as follows:

for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {   for( j = 0, k = 0, pocBase = PicOrderCntVal; j < num_ref_entries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]; j++) {    if( st_ref_pic_flag[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] ) {    RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ] = pocBase − DeltaPocSt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ]    if( there is a reference picture picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal equal to RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ] )    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA    else    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”    pocBase = RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ]    } else {    if( !delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ k ] ) {    if( there is a reference picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal & ( MaxPicOrderCntLsb − 1 equal to PocLsbLt[ i ][ k ] )    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA    else    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”    } else {    if( there is a reference picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal equal to     FullPocLt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ k ] )    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA    else    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”   }    k++   }  } }

For each i equal to 0 or 1, the first NumRefIdxActive[i] entries in RefPicList[i] are referred to as the active entries in RefPicList[i], and the other entries in RefPicList[i] are referred to as the inactive entries in RefPicList[i].

Table 46 illustrates an example of a reference picture list structure that may be used according to the techniques herein.

TABLE 46 Descriptor ref_pic_list_struct( listIdx, rplsIdx ) {  num_ref_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ] ue(v)  for( i = 0, j=0; i < num_ref_entries[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ]; i++) {   if( long_term_ref_pics_flag )    st_ref_pic_flag[listIdx ][rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)   if( st_ref_pic_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ]) {    abs_delta_poc_st[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] ue(v)    if( abs_delta_poc_st[listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] > 0 )     strp_entry_sign_flag[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ i ] u(1)   } else {    poc_lsb_lt[ listIdx ][ rplsIdx ][ j ] u(v)    i = j +1   }  } }

With respect to Table 46, the definitions of syntax elements may be the same as described above and the definition of syntax element poc_lsb_lt may be as follows:

poc_lsb_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][j] specifies the value of the picture order count modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb of the j-th long-term reference picture referred to by the ref_pic_list_struct(listIdx, rplsIdx) syntax structure. The length of the poc_lsb_lt[listIdx][rplsIdx][j] syntax element is log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4 bits.

Further, with respect to Table 46, the following decoding process for reference picture lists construction may be used:

This process is invoked at the beginning of the decoding process for each tile group of a non-IRAP picture. Reference pictures are addressed through reference indices. A reference index is an index into a reference picture list. When decoding an I tile group, no reference picture list is used in decoding of the tile group data. When decoding a P tile group, only reference picture list 0 (i.e., RefPicList[0]), is used in decoding of the tile group data. When decoding a B tile group, both reference picture list 0 and reference picture list 1 (i.e., RefPicList[1]) are used in decoding of the tile group data.

At the beginning of the decoding process for each tile group of a non-IRAP picture, the reference picture lists RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] are derived. The reference picture lists are used in marking of reference pictures or in decoding of the tile group data.

NOTE 1—For an I tile group of a non-IRAP picture that it is not the first tile group of the picture, RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] may be derived for bitstream conformance checking purpose, but their derivation is not necessary for decoding of the current picture or pictures following the current picture in decoding order. For a P tile group that it is not the first tile group of a picture, RefPicList[1] may be derived for bitstream conformance checking purpose, but its derivation is not necessary for decoding of the current picture or pictures following the current picture in decoding order.

The reference picture lists RefPicList[0] and RefPicList[1] are constructed as follows:

for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ) {  for( j = 0, k = 0, pocBase = PicOrderCntVal; j < num_ref_entries[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ]; j++) {  if( st_ref_pic_flag[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ] ) {   RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ] = pocBase − DeltaPocSt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ j ]   if( there is a reference picture picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal equal to RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ] )   RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA   else   RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”   pocBase = RefPicPocList[ i ][ j ]  } else {   if( !delta_poc_msb_cycle_lt[ i ][ k ] ) {   if( there is a reference picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal & ( MaxPicOrderCntLsb − 1 ) equal to poc_lsb_lt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ k ] )    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA   else    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”   } else {   if( there is a reference picA in the DPB with PicOrderCntVal equal to     FullPocLt[ i ][ RplsIdx[ i ] ][ k ] )    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = picA   else    RefPicList[ i ][ j ] = “no reference picture”   }   k++   }  } }

In this manner, source device 102 represents an example of a device configured to signal one or more candidate reference picture lists in a parameter set, and signal an index to one of the candidate reference picture lists in a header associated with a region of a picture.

Referring again to FIG. 1, interface 108 may include any device configured to receive data generated by data encapsulator 107 and transmit and/or store the data to a communications medium. Interface 108 may include a network interface card, such as an Ethernet card, and may include an optical transceiver, a radio frequency transceiver, or any other type of device that can send and/or receive information. Further, interface 108 may include a computer system interface that may enable a file to be stored on a storage device. For example, interface 108 may include a chipset supporting Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) and Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) bus protocols, proprietary bus protocols, Universal Serial Bus (USB) protocols, I²C, or any other logical and physical structure that may be used to interconnect peer devices.

Referring again to FIG. 1, destination device 120 includes interface 122, data decapsulator 123, video decoder 124, and display 126. Interface 122 may include any device configured to receive data from a communications medium. Interface 122 may include a network interface card, such as an Ethernet card, and may include an optical transceiver, a radio frequency transceiver, or any other type of device that can receive and/or send information. Further, interface 122 may include a computer system interface enabling a compliant video bitstream to be retrieved from a storage device. For example, interface 122 may include a chipset supporting PCI and PCIe bus protocols, proprietary bus protocols, USB protocols, I²C, or any other logical and physical structure that may be used to interconnect peer devices. Data decapsulator 123 may be configured to receive and parse any of the example syntax structures described herein.

Video decoder 124 may include any device configured to receive a bitstream (e.g., a MCTS sub-bitstream extraction) and/or acceptable variations thereof and reproduce video data therefrom. Display 126 may include any device configured to display video data. Display 126 may comprise one of a variety of display devices such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, or another type of display. Display 126 may include a High Definition display or an Ultra High Definition display. It should be noted that although in the example illustrated in FIG. 1, video decoder 124 is described as outputting data to display 126, video decoder 124 may be configured to output video data to various types of devices and/or sub-components thereof. For example, video decoder 124 may be configured to output video data to any communication medium, as described herein.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a video decoder that may be configured to decode video data according to one or more techniques of this disclosure. In one example, video decoder 600 may be configured to decode transform data and reconstruct residual data from transform coefficients based on decoded transform data. Video decoder 600 may be configured to perform intra prediction decoding and inter prediction decoding and, as such, may be referred to as a hybrid decoder. Video decoder 600 may be configured to parse any combination of the syntax elements described above in Tables 1-25. Video decoder 600 may derive reference picture lists based on or according to the processes described above. Video decoder 600 may constructing the reference picture lists RefPicList0 and RefPicList1 based on or according to the processes described above. Video decoder may perform video decoding based on the reference picture lists.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 6, video decoder 600 includes an entropy decoding unit 602, inverse quantization unit and transform coefficient processing unit 604, intra prediction processing unit 606, inter prediction processing unit 608, summer 610, post filter unit 612, and reference buffer 614. Video decoder 600 may be configured to decode video data in a manner consistent with a video coding system. It should be noted that although example video decoder 600 is illustrated as having distinct functional blocks, such an illustration is for descriptive purposes and does not limit video decoder 600 and/or sub-components thereof to a particular hardware or software architecture. Functions of video decoder 600 may be realized using any combination of hardware, firmware, and/or software implementations.

As illustrated in FIG. 6, entropy decoding unit 602 receives an entropy encoded bitstream. Entropy decoding unit 602 may be configured to decode syntax elements and quantized coefficients from the bitstream according to a process reciprocal to an entropy encoding process. Entropy decoding unit 602 may be configured to perform entropy decoding according any of the entropy coding techniques described above. Entropy decoding unit 602 may determine values for syntax elements in an encoded bitstream in a manner consistent with a video coding standard. As illustrated in FIG. 6, entropy decoding unit 602 may determine a quantization parameter, quantized coefficient values, transform data, and predication data from a bitstream. In the example, illustrated in FIG. 6, inverse quantization unit and transform coefficient processing unit 604 receives a quantization parameter, quantized coefficient values, transform data, and predication data from entropy decoding unit 602 and outputs reconstructed residual data.

Referring again to FIG. 6, reconstructed residual data may be provided to summer 610 Summer 610 may add reconstructed residual data to a predictive video block and generate reconstructed video data. A predictive video block may be determined according to a predictive video technique (i.e., intra prediction and inter frame prediction). Intra prediction processing unit 606 may be configured to receive intra prediction syntax elements and retrieve a predictive video block from reference buffer 614. Reference buffer 614 may include a memory device configured to store one or more frames of video data. Intra prediction syntax elements may identify an intra prediction mode, such as the intra prediction modes described above. Inter prediction processing unit 608 may receive inter prediction syntax elements and generate motion vectors to identify a prediction block in one or more reference frames stored in reference buffer 616. Inter prediction processing unit 608 may produce motion compensated blocks, possibly performing interpolation based on interpolation filters. Identifiers for interpolation filters to be used for motion estimation with sub-pixel precision may be included in the syntax elements. Inter prediction processing unit 608 may use interpolation filters to calculate interpolated values for sub-integer pixels of a reference block. Post filter unit 614 may be configured to perform filtering on reconstructed video data. For example, post filter unit 614 may be configured to perform deblocking and/or Sample Adaptive Offset (SAO) filtering, e.g., based on parameters specified in a bitstream. Further, it should be noted that in some examples, post filter unit 614 may be configured to perform proprietary discretionary filtering (e.g., visual enhancements, such as, mosquito noise reduction). As illustrated in FIG. 6, a reconstructed video block may be output by video decoder 600. In this manner, video decoder 600 represents an example of a device configured to parse one or more syntax elements included in a parameter set, the syntax elements indicating one or more candidate reference picture lists, parse an index from a header associated with a region of a picture, the index indicating one of the candidate reference picture lists, and generate video data based on the indicated candidate reference picture list.

In one or more examples, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium and executed by a hardware-based processing unit.

Computer-readable media may include computer-readable storage media, which corresponds to a tangible medium such as data storage media, or communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another, e.g., according to a communication protocol. In this manner, computer-readable media generally may correspond to (1) tangible computer-readable storage media which is non-transitory or (2) a communication medium such as a signal or carrier wave. Data storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by one or more computers or one or more processors to retrieve instructions, code and/or data structures for implementation of the techniques described in this disclosure. A computer program product may include a computer-readable medium.

By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable storage media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, or other magnetic storage devices, flash memory, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if instructions are transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. It should be understood, however, that computer-readable storage media and data storage media do not include connections, carrier waves, signals, or other transitory media, but are instead directed to non-transitory, tangible storage media. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

Instructions may be executed by one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general purpose microprocessors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry. Accordingly, the term “processor,” as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structure or any other structure suitable for implementation of the techniques described herein. In addition, in some aspects, the functionality described herein may be provided within dedicated hardware and/or software modules configured for encoding and decoding, or incorporated in a combined codec. Also, the techniques could be fully implemented in one or more circuits or logic elements.

The techniques of this disclosure may be implemented in a wide variety of devices or apparatuses, including a wireless handset, an integrated circuit (IC) or a set of ICs (e.g., a chip set). Various components, modules, or units are described in this disclosure to emphasize functional aspects of devices configured to perform the disclosed techniques, but do not necessarily require realization by different hardware units. Rather, as described above, various units may be combined in a codec hardware unit or provided by a collection of interoperative hardware units, including one or more processors as described above, in conjunction with suitable software and/or firmware.

Moreover, each functional block or various features of the base station device and the terminal device used in each of the aforementioned embodiments may be implemented or executed by a circuitry, which is typically an integrated circuit or a plurality of integrated circuits. The circuitry designed to execute the functions described in the present specification may comprise a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific or general application integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or other programmable logic devices, discrete gates or transistor logic, or a discrete hardware component, or a combination thereof. The general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, or alter-natively, the processor may be a conventional processor, a controller, a microcontroller or a state machine. The general-purpose processor or each circuit described above may be configured by a digital circuit or may be configured by an analogue circuit. Further, when a technology of making into an integrated circuit superseding integrated circuits at the present time appears due to advancement of a semiconductor technology, the integrated circuit by this technology is also able to be used.

Various examples have been described. These and other examples are within the scope of the following claims.

CROSS REFERENCE

This Nonprovisional application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 on provisional Application No. 62/777,617 on Dec. 10, 2018, No. 62/780,146 on Dec. 14, 2018, No. 62/784,168 on Dec. 21, 2018, No. 62/813,630 on Mar. 4, 2019, No. 62/816,115 on Mar. 9, 2019, No. 62/821,016 on Mar. 20, 2019, No. 62/823,554 on Mar. 25, 2019, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 

1. A method of decoding video data, the method comprising: decoding a flag specifying whether a long-term reference picture Picture Order Count (POC) least significant bit (LSB) information indicated in a reference picture list structure is signaled; and decoding the long-term reference picture POC LSB information in the reference picture list structure or in a slice header according to a value of the flag.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: decoding a number of entries syntax element in the reference picture list structure; decoding a number of reference index active minus one syntax element in the slice header, in a case that a value of the number of entries syntax element is greater than a first value; and deriving a variable by using the number of reference index active minus one syntax.
 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: decoding an override flag in the slice header, wherein the override flag specifies whether the number of reference index active minus one syntax element is present, wherein the variable is set equal to a first value obtained by adding one to a value of the number of reference index active minus one syntax element, in a case that a value of the override flag is equal to a second value.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the variable is set equal an inferred value, in a case that the value of the number of entries syntax element is greater than or equal to the inferred value.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the override flag is decoded by using the number of entries syntax element and a slice type.
 6. A device comprising one or more processors configured to: decode a flag specifying whether a long-term reference picture Picture Order Count (POC) least significant bit (LSB) information indicated in a reference picture list structure is signaled; and decode the long-term reference picture POC LSB information in the reference picture list structure or in a slice header according to a value of the flag.
 7. A method of encoding data, the method comprising: encoding a flag specifying whether a long-term reference picture Picture Order Count (POC) least significant bit (LSB) information indicated in a reference picture list structure is signaled; and encoding the long-term reference picture POC LSB information in the reference picture list structure or in a slice header according to a value of the flag. 